Exam+Review+P2

Final Exam Review for 2009! For each key concept add definitions IN YOUR OWN WORDS, examples, pictures with YOUR explanations and/or video with YOUR explanations. When editing add a note at the bottom that summarizes what you added (its the only way to get credit for your contribution). toc

Consider Making on-line flash cards at [|quizlet]. You then can play video games with your flash cards to learn.

Do not change the heading size (don't change the "normal" button. Use the __"T" button__ to change the text size and color please.

Big Idea: Biochemistry
Carbon is the backbone of all organic molecules (the molecules of life, including lipids (fats for cell membranes), Carbohydrates (fuel and structure), amino acids (proteins), and nucleic acids (DNA)

Covalent Bond vs Ionic bond

H20: Polarity, Hydrogen Bond, Solvent Hand to butt hydrogen are attracted to the oxygen molecules by sharing electrons



Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats a saturated chain of fat is made of only single bonds of carbons, while unsaturated fat chains are made of at least one double bond of carbons. Unsaturated fat is easier for the body to break down and healthier.

Carbohydrates: Simple and Complex (Starch) Made from hydrogen,carbon,and oxygen atoms.

Amino Acids Amino acids are the subunits of proteins



Protein- is a part of all life, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxyen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.

Nucleic Acids these acids carry the genetic information in a cell. DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are the subunits that make up nucleic acids.

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is considered to be the energy currency of life. It is the molecule that stores energy that we need to help us do every day functions. _ DNA is (deoxyribonuceic acid) the master copy of an organisms information code.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Condensation reaction - is a chemical reaction where two molecules join together to make one molecule, with the loss of a small water molecule. The condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide bond(red) with the expulsion of water(blue)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Hydrolysis Reaction - opposite of condensation reaction, its also a chemical reaction where 1(+) water molecules split into Hydrogen AND hydroxide ions.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Calorie - U<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">sed to measure the energy content of food.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Photosynthesis is the process used by plants. Plants take in carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Plants use 90% of the sugar they make to feed themselves and give off oxygen. This process is the opposite fof cellular respiration.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Respiration is the process used by animals and plants. The mitochondria break down glucose to make ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic. This process is the opposite of photosynthesis.

<span style="color: rgb(193,11,96);">__Big Idea: Inheritance__
__Physical and behavioral traits are determined by proteins (the machinery of cells) which are coded for in DNA. Codes for these traits are called genes and are passed from one generation to the next. In sexual reproduction genes are shuffled in the creation of gametes (sex cells) and then recombined with other gametes to create new organisms. Sex results in tremendous variation of genetic combinations.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);"> __

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Punnet square

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Gene <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">is a segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Allele - <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Different forms of a gene for each trait of an organism.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Heterozygote <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Georgia,serif;">An organism that has different alleles in any particular gene

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Homozygote <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Georgia,serif;">An organism that has the same alleles in any paticular gene

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Dominant vs recessive alleles

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Incomplete Dominance This is when a dominant allele and a recessive allele are put together from the fathers gene and mothers gene like Bb and Hh.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Diploid vs Haploid cells Diploid has two sets of homologous chromosomes that have 23 __pairs__ of chromosomes (46 total) Haploid has one set of daughter cells that have 23 chromosomes

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Meiosis (as different from mitosis) cellular division were the number of chromosomes is halved and produces four daughter cellls that are all haploid

<span style="color: rgb(7,112,213);">__Big Idea: DNA and RNA__
__Proteins are the working parts of cells. DNA is a code for making proteins. DNA and RNA work in a partnership that allows life to happen. DNA is a very stable molecule because it creates a complimentary pair (2 sides) that twists on itself. Using energy from ATP it copies itself perfectly. It can also make short temporary pieces of messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA that work together to “read” the DNA code and build proteins out of amino acids.__

<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">The Base pair rule in DNA replication

<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">The difference between DNA and RNA DNA is the blueprint for the production of proteins stored in chromosomes RNA is a copy of one half of DNA with the exception of the T becomes a U. RNA is small enough to leave the nucleaus were it can be read to make proteins by various amino acids

<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">Transcription rules

<span style="font-size: 110.16%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">Translation (what is it, where does it happen) <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">

<span style="color: rgb(9,81,200);">Codon <span style="font-size: 102%; color: rgb(9,81,200);"> - <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Three nitrogen bases that represent amino acids.

<span style="font-size: 115.2%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">mRNA and tRNA <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(10,88,205);">

<span style="font-size: 115.2%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">The effect and causes of mutations <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(10,88,205);">

<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(10,88,205);"><span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">Homologous chromosomes <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(8,87,196);"> a pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence as another one from the mother and the other from the father, they line up during mieosis

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(8,87,196);">Sex chromosomes <span style="color: rgb(5,100,199);"> - the chromosomes that tell whether a fetus will turn into a baby Boy or Girl. Such as XX: a girl XY: a boy

<span style="color: rgb(88,8,166);">__Big Idea: Evolution through Natural Selection__
__Evolution from a common ancestor through natural selection explains the diversity and relatedness of life on earth.__

<span style="color: rgb(112,9,174);"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(112,9,174);">__Evolution__ <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">is the gradual change in a species through adaptations over time.

<span style="color: rgb(112,9,174);"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(112,9,174);">__Natural selection__ <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">is the mechanism for change in populations. It occurs when organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation. media type="youtube" key="5RLU4-kySow" height="344" width="425"

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Fossil record and relative dating

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Homologous structures - <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Have common origins, can be similar in arrangement / function, or both.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Analogous structures

<span style="color: rgb(112,9,174);"> __Vestigial structures__ <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">are structures in present-day organisms that no longer serve their natural purposes, but was probably useful to an ancestor. They provide evidence of evolution.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Adaptation - is the process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Antibiotic and pesticide resistance - its sort of evolution. every time someones given antibiotics they develope bacteria that become resistent to the antibiotic, so overtime when the antibiotic needs to be used those bacteria will become more and more resistent, until that antibiotis won't need to be used no more. same thing with bugs if you spray down pesticide for bugs most of them will die, but the ones that survived, their DNA was mutated so they could be slightly more resistent to bacteria. And overtime those resistent bugs will reproduce a pesticide resistent bug colony, then you will have to try a stronger pesticide.

<span style="color: rgb(6,153,29);">__Big Idea: Ecological Cycles__
__All life is connected through ecological cycles, which recycle nutrients. Intact ecological systems replenish clean air, water, and nutrient rich soil.__

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Water Cycle - The water cycle is when water is recycled throughout the atmosphere and earth. Through Evaporation, Precipitation, Condensation etc..

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Nitrogen Cycle:<span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">a cycle were nitrogen is converted from a gas to a compound important for life and back to a gas.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Phosphorous Cycle: <span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">a cycle were phosphorous moves between the living and the nonliving parts of the environment.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Organism <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">is anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Population The Number of inhabitants in a community

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Community -Collection of several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Ecosystem -Interactions among populations in a community; the community's physical surroundings,or abiotic factors.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Habitat - Place where an organism LIVES__ ( Woods, Desert, Forest)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Niche - How an organism Makes Its Living. (how it survives)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,128,0);">Food chain, Web, Energy Pyramid: describes the eating habits of species within an ecosystem This picture shows the eating habits of fish

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Producers - Organism that is able to produce nutrients for itself. (autotroph)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Primary Consumers (Herbivores): <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">organisms that only eat plants.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">[[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/animaldiet/herbivore.gif]]
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Secondary and third-order consumers (omnivores and carnivores)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Decomposers - Break down "complex compounds" like plants and animals and return nutrients to the producer.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Carrying Capacity

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Biotic limiting factors <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">Having to do with life or living organisms

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Abiotic limiting factors non-living factors

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Habitat Fragmentation - a process of change in the enviorment important for evolution

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Habitat Degredation