Exam+Review+P1

Final Exam Review for 2009! For each key concept add definitions IN YOUR OWN WORDS, examples, pictures with YOUR explanations and/or video with YOUR explanations. Consider Making on-line flash cards at [|quizlet]. You then can play video games with your flash cards to learn When editing add a note at the bottom that summarizes what you added (its the only way to get credit for your contribution). toc

Big Idea: Biochemistry
Carbon is the backbone of all organic molecules (the molecules of life, including lipids (fats for cell membranes), Carbohydrates (fuel and structure), amino acids (proteins), and nucleic acids (DNA)

Covalent Bond vs Ionic bond -covalent bond is the force that holds two atoms and share electrons. Ionic bond is the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge

H20: Polarity, Hydrogen Bond, Solvent

Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats saturated fat-solid at room tempature, not nessisary for our diets, there are only single bonds linked between the carbons. unsaturated fat-liquid at room tempature, nessisary for our diets, there is atleast one double bond linking the carbons so its easier to break down

Carbohydrates: Simple and Complex (Starch) complex- it takes longer to break down into glucose. They also provide energy for the body.(ex. bread) simple- is bad it includes many sugars

Amino Acids -basic building blocks of protein molecules. They are linked together when an -H from the amino group from the carboxyl group of another amino acid are removed to form a water molecule.

Protein- type of molecule that are genes and are the instructions for building

Nucleic Acids -complex bio molecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is considered to be the energy currency of life. It is the molecule that stores energy that we need to help us do every day functions.

DNA In other words.... basically DNA makes up who you are, what special traits you have and what traits you do not have, passed down from your parents.**
 * DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid) a genetic code that contains all information needed to build and maintain an organism

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Condensation reaction when two or more molecules combind into one molecule- they form from one thing to another during this water is released. on the top there are two amino acids the join together and make a peptide bond withc is the picture on the bottom.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Hydrolysis Reaction - The reaction you get when you add something to water .

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Calorie -unit of measure the energy content of energy in the foods.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Photosynthesis - The process when a plant uses the sun's light to produce sugar for the plant to eat and live

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,15,207);">Respiration media type="youtube" key="JEnjph9miK4" height="344" width="425"Cellular respiration is the process in which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP.

<span style="color: rgb(193,11,96);">Big Idea: Inheritance
Physical and behavioral traits are determined by proteins (the machinery of cells) which are coded for in DNA. Codes for these traits are called genes and are passed from one generation to the next. In sexual reproduction genes are shuffled in the creation of gametes (sex cells) and then recombined with other gametes to create new organisms. Sex results in tremendous variation of genetic combinations.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Punnet square - A Punnett Square is a type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent to show to possible outcomes for their offspring In the punnet square the capital letters means dominant and the lower case means ressesive. In this case there is a 75% chance the offspring will have the dominant gene and a 25% chance it will have the ressesive gene. In the bottom left hand box and the upper right hand box if the offspring gets the either of these two boxes they will have the dominant gene but will also carry the ressive gene just like the parents.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Gene - A sequence of necleotides on the DNA strand that gives its information that can be transferred to RNA



<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Allele - An Allele are parts of a gene that provide certain characteristics that create the organisms individuality

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Heterozygote - different genes example- Bb

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Homozygote -same genes example- BB

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Dominant vs recessive alleles - dominant alleles occur more often then the recesive allele and identified by a Capital letter, versus recesive alleles that occur less often then dominant but are identified with a lower case letter.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Incomplete Dominance - when a dominant allele and a recesive allele are matched together from the mother gene and the father gene. (Ex. Rr, Oo, Jj, Tt, Pp)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Diploid vs Haploid cells media type="youtube" key="kkOVVGevFMs" height="184" width="192" //← hahahahah this probally doesn't make sense. well i thought it was funny :]//
 * Diploid- are two copies of each chromosome making that total 46**
 * Haploid- only one copy of each chromosomes making that total 23**

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(181,13,83);">Meiosis (as different from mitosis) media type="youtube" key="D1_-mQS_FZ0" height="344" width="425"Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms

<span style="color: rgb(7,112,213);">Big Idea: DNA and RNA
Proteins are the working parts of cells. DNA is a code for making proteins. DNA and RNA work in a partnership that allows life to happen. DNA is a very stable molecule because it creates a complimentary pair (2 sides) that twists on itself. Using energy from ATP it copies itself perfectly. It can also make short temporary pieces of messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA that work together to “read” the DNA code and build proteins out of amino acids.

<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">The Base pair rule in DNA replication -<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(88,8,166); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">A always pairs with T, and C always pair S with G.



<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">The difference between DNA and RNA- RNA is a single strand from the DNA molecule. DNA is 2 long strands that have a ladder like stucture. There are different kinds of RNA, an example is the Messanger RNA which carris messages from he DNA to the Ribosomes.

<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">Transcription rules

<span style="font-size: 110.16%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">Translation (what is it, where does it happen) <span style="color: rgb(9, 81, 200); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">- when RNA code is translated into amino acids that build of protein

<span style="color: rgb(9,81,200);">Codon <span style="font-size: 102%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">- <span style="font-size: 102%; color: rgb(151,1,249); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> a set of 3 nitrogenous bases that represents an amino acid; order of nitrogenous bases in mRNA determines the type of amino acids in a protein.

<span style="font-size: 102%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">
<span style="font-size: 102%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">.

<span style="font-size: 115.2%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">mRNA and tRNA <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(10,88,205);"> mRNA- passes the DNA code for the protein from the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm tRNA- provides the ribosomes with amino acids to build the protein

<span style="font-size: 115.2%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">The effect and causes of mutations <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(10,88,205);"> media type="youtube" key="0wrNxCGKCws" height="344" width="425" Some cell mutations occur naturaly and other times it is cuased by harm done to your DNA such as smoking and tanning.

<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(10,88,205);"><span style="font-size: 144%; color: rgb(9,81,200);">Homologous chromosomes <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(8,87,196);">
 * Are Chromosomes that have a code for the same gene... one from mom and one from dad.**[[image:Homologous_chromosomes.GIF width="312" height="242"]]

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(8,87,196);">Sex chromosomes <span style="color: rgb(5,100,199);"> **This Picture ↓ represents sex chromosomes; Sometimes bad traits can get passed down and it will determine weather your off spring will have that bad trait passed down or not.**
 * Its Simple, Chromosomes come in pairs and also determine the sex of an offspring... in humans the pair of chromosomes are called SEX CHROMOSOMES determine the sex.**

<span style="color: rgb(88,8,166);">Big Idea: Evolution through Natural Selection
Evolution from a common ancestor through natural selection explains the diversity and relatedness of life on earth.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Evolution- <span style="color: rgb(226,70,70);">Explains the diversity and unity of species. Decent with modification through natural from a common ancestor.<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,3,255); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Natural selection - "Survival of the fittest" as they say. The organism living in a certain area that is most capable of living in that certain area compared to another.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Fossil record and relative dating

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Homologous structures <span style="color: rgb(0,216,240); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">-structures with common evolutionary origins; can be similar in arrangement, in function, or both; provides evidence of evolution from a common ancestor; forelimbs of crocodiles, whales, and birds are examples.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Analogous structures- Two animal orgnisms when compared look like the could be related becasue of some features but they arent realtd by ancestors at all.



<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Vestigial structures -is the features of one animal to help it survive years ago but has adapted to todays needs. ex. humans still have a bump where they used to have a tail but the tail was the tail was lost as humans walked upright more.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Adaptation -A change in an organism that result from natural selection. When an Organism adapts to its environment it is able to survive and live better.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(87,9,170);">Antibiotic and pesticide resistance

<span style="color: rgb(6,153,29);">Big Idea: Ecological Cycles
All life is connected through ecological cycles, which recycle nutrients. Intact ecological systems replenish clean air, water, and nutrient rich soil.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Water Cycle The water Cycle is what keeps the earths water moving around. The water cycle consist of a few steps.Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers, lakes, or the ocean and turns it into a vapor. Condensation is when water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into a liquid forming a cloud.Precipitation occurs when alot of water has condensed and the air cant hold it anymore so it falls to the ground thus repeating the process over.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Nitrogen Cycle

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Phosphorous Cycle

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Organism -<span style="color: rgb(255,0,208); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">anything that possesses all the characteristics of life; all organisms have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow, develop, and adjust to changes in the environment.



<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Population-<span style="color: rgb(233,22,22);"> the number of the amount of a specific species that live The population of Americans in the US is **304,059,724.**

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Community- <span style="color: rgb(205,29,29);">a collection of species that all inhabitied the same area to live Example- The ant lives in a community with other ants.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Ecosystem - all the populations of all creatures that interact with each other

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Habitat- <span style="color: rgb(216,34,34);">a place where an organism live Habitat types include: coastal and estuarine, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, wetlands, riparian areas, deserts, grasslands/prairie, forests, coral reefs, marine, perennial snow and ice, and urban.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Niche - How a creature makes a living in its habitat.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Food chain, Web, Energy Pyramid- food chain is a model that shpws how matter and energy move through an ecosysrem. food web- all possible feeding realtionships @ each trophic level. energy pyramid- shows all energy in the trophic level

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Producers - organisms that make glucose, and use most of made energy for itself.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Primary Consumers (Herbivores) - plant eaters

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Secondary and third-order consumers (omnivores and carnivores) - consumers that eat other consumers. Or also know as meat eaters. ex. humans, lion, hawks, wolves.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Decompose - return nutrients back to producers

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Carrying Capacity

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Biotic limiting factors the living things in an ecosystem examples: plants and animals in this picture the monkey trees turtles fish grass and bugs are the biotic factors.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Abiotic limiting factors they are nonliving things in an ecosystem that have an effect of living things. examples: the quality of soil, air, and water.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Habitat Fragmentation

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,153,29);">Habitat Degredation