Midterm+Exam+2010+Review+P2

​ Midterm Exam Concepts: Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide.

Include definitions **__in your own words__**, images, embed youtube videos, and links to websites with animations.

You can earn extra credit for original examples or analogies.

Your assignment guidelines are posted here (read these for important reminders)

**Hypothesis**

is a proposed explination for a observable phenomenon.[[image:http://www.debunking911.com/hypothesis.gif width="266" height="234"]]
This picture shows the order of the things you do for conductiong a experiment. definition and picture by TJ Knox

Control (in an experiment): The control in an experiment is the results on which you base the rest of your testing. An example of a control would be if you are testing the effects of certain drugs on rats. You would take a rat that has no drug in its system and is fairly healthy, and analyze everything on the rat that you plan to do on the drugged rats. You can then base the rest of the experiment upon your first set of results, and decide how much the drugs have changed the rats' behaviors.

A control is like the foundation of a building. It is the main part of the building that everything else relies on to stay up.

This illustration is a perfect example to use when looking at control. The flower that has nothing added to its water is the control. The researcher can then note the changes in the other flowers compared to his/her control subject, and then see how much the salt, cugar, or dye affected the outward appearance of the flower.

Definitioin, example, simile, picture, and explanation provided by Johanna Simpson.

Independent Variable **The time is an independent variable because you could change the rate or distance and it wouldn’t affect the time if you’re not solving for it.**  added definition and example; Sam
 * An Independent variable is a number in a problem that is not affected by other variables in an experiment or equation. **
 * For example in an equation like the distance formula: **
 * Distance=rate*time **

Dependent Variable A dependent variable is when something occurs that is affected by something else.

For example, the growth of a plant would be affected by the amount of sunlight, food and oxygen it is recieving. If the plant wasn't receiving enough of one of them then it would not grow as much. definition and example by Allison Chatburn

Experiment and Data

=**Theory** = = = A theory is a statement designed to explain scientific observations. This picture shows the Big Bang Theory, which is a theory of how the earth came to be.

definition&picture by Heather Nuding

Prokaryote: A prokaryote cell is a single cell organism. It has only a few organelles; ribosomes, cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and a cell wall. The cell contains no nucleus, and its DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells are typically bacteria.

media type="youtube" key="nP9lZG94DO0" height="344" width="425"

This picture is a very useful example of a prokaryotic cell. It shows each organelle and labels them, and it shows how the DNA sits in the cell without a nucleus. You can see each specific layer of the cell because of the 3D cut-open view.

The video is very helpful as well. It shows the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell so that you can make the distincition, and it shows which organelles it does and does not have. It has very clear diagrams and discriptions of the cells.

Video, video description, picture, picture description, and definition added by Johanna Simpson and Jerry Littrell.

Eukaryote are organelles with a membrane. Most eukaryotes are multi-cellular but some are uni-cellular.

Oraganelle // An organelle is one of the things inside a cell that make the cells do the things that are necessary. All the organelles have their own specific functions that they do and some organelles are specific to certain kinds of cells. Most organelles are inside the cell inside their own membrane. // Other examples could include cytoplasm and the cell membrane. media type="youtube" key="TKxToyJaA5c" height="340" width="560" // In this picture there is an animal cell and all the organelles in it. // this video is helpful because it explains many organelle's in the cell definition examples picture and video by Andrew Richey second picture added by samm wombough
 * A couple examples of an organelle are the golgi apparatus, the chloroplasts (specific to plant cells), and the mitochondria. **

Nucleus The nucleus is the central part of the cell that controls cell functions. The nucleus contains DNA and RNA which contains the genetic material which keeps the cell safe. It communicates with the surrounding organelles. In the picture above, you can see a picture of a cell with a nucleus and other organelles. As you can see the nucleus is generally in the middle of the cell because it is what holds the cell together. You can also observe that the nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle.

An example of a nucleus, would be an engine to a car, because it controls the car, and it makes it go.

Definition, picture, and example provided by T.J. Knox and Sam Laub. Edited picture explanation provided by Sam Laub. Aditonal picture added by TJ

Chromosomes A chromosome is a circular strand of DNA that contains the genetic information that a cell would need to survive.

This picture is a good picture beccause it shows what a chromosome looks like and how the DNA contains everything inside of it.

Added definition and picture by Samm Wombough

Nucleolus The nucleolus is found within the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell. This part of the cell is covered in RNA (a protein for making DNA.) This is also the site where the cells chromosomes are held and is the epicenter of mitosis. It is also in its own right the reproductive organ of the cell ( because it holds genetic info and is where mitosis is done). media type="youtube" key="g7hK-rhjXgc" height="340" width="560" This picture is useful because it gives you a look at what a real nucleolus looks like. It also shows how the nucleolus is covered in RNA (the squiggly purple lines)

This video is helpful to because it also explains what the nucleolus does in the cell

definition, picture, and video by Jakob Arentzen, Revised definiton by Jakob Arentzen

Plasma (cell) Membrane and fluid mosaic model The plasma membrane is the semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell. It is made up of two layers of lipids that allow proteins and other nutrients to pass into the cell. The lipids, or phospholipids have an end that is hydrophilic, loves water, and one that is hydrophobic, hates water. The hydrophilic end faces out ward and the hydrophobic end faces inward so no water can pass through the membrane into the cell.

media type="youtube" key="ULR79TiUj80" height="344" width="425" //**This video helps show what the membrane is all about and how it works**//

T h is picture is a fluid mosaic model it shows the different parts of the plasma membrane and where they are on the membrane.
Added definition and picture by Sam Added video by Andrew Richey

Selective Permeability It has control of what can enter and leave the cell. Only certain things are able to pass through the membrane. The way they pass through depends on the size of the molecule.

In this picture, the cell membrane is only letting certain molecules in and out of the cell. It chooses which ones are allowed in and out.

An example of selective permeability is a spaghetti strainer. It lets the water out but keeps the spaghetti in, just like a cell membrane would do with certain molecules. Another example of selective permeability is a window screen. It lets air in, but keeps things that could be harmful like bugs and dirt out.

added definition picture picture explaintion and example by: Rachel and Bj additonal example by shannon gillespie

Phospholipid (how the membrane creates an inside and an outside)  Phospholipids create an inside and outside because the heads are hydrophilic (on the outside), but the tails (on the inside) are hydrophobic. The heads are on the inside and the outside, leaving the tails in the middle. Phospholipids can be compared to a window because only certain size things can get through, making it selectively permeable.



I chose this picture because it shows the hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas of the phospholipids. ​ added picture, example, and deffinition. -Kaitlin Glass

Transport Protein <span style="background-color: #ff7c00; color: #0813c9; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Transport proteins are generally tightly packed with polar side groups on the outside to help their solubility in water. media type="youtube" key="GFCcnxgXOhY" height="344" width="425" Picture video and definition added by Jack H.

Differences between plant and animal cells The differences between animal and plant cells are their outer most parts, shape, and organelles. Plant cells have cell walls while animal cells just have a cell membrane and for their shape plant cells are distinctively square while animal cells have no real defined shape. For their final difference between plant and animal cells is plant cells have a bigger vacuole to hold more water, and chloroplast to create sugar from sunlight. Plant cells have a higher tollerence for hypotonic solutions because their cell wall keeps everything within, to a certain extent. .

This picture is very useful because it shows you the clear differences in between the two cells. It also names the organelles of the two cells.

Jakob Arentzen definition, Tony definition. Added picture. Added caption to picture. Revision by Jakob

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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There are very clear differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. First of all the prokaryotic cells don't have any nucleus in fact they hardly have any organelles. It has ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, cell wall ( which some eukaryotics do not have), and a cell membrane. They are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. The prokaryotic cells often use flagella to move around but the eukaryotic cells do not. =====



=
This picture helps explain the deference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells because it shows what they have in common but it also shows that the eukaryotic cell has more organelles that the prokaryotic does not. ===== Tony added definition. Tony added picture and caption.

Cell Wall
 * A cell wall is found in plant and other prokaryotic cells. It surrounds the cell and is only slightly permeable to water. It is rigid and gives the cell a defined shape. **
 * An example of a cell wall would be the wall of a building. It is very rigid and it gives the building its shape. It is also slightly permeable because insects can sometimes go through the cracks in the wall to get inside the building. **
 * This picture shows the cell wall **** (yellow) ****, with the cell membrane underneath it **** (blue) **** . The cell membrane (made of phospholipids) is permeable, while the actual cell wall is not. **

added definition, picture, and example~Victoria R. picture explanation revision ~ Victoria R.

<span style="color: #150cca; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">​The cell wall is the outer layer of a plant cell that keeps the cell's structure and shape. <span style="color: #3ff33f; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The cell wall can be compared to a bowl because the bowl keeps the shape of what's inside.

<span style="color: #150cca; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">​ <span style="color: #6600cc; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">This picture shows how the cell wall is outside the cell and that it keeps the cell's shape. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">​ media type="youtube" key="-aSfoB8Cmic" height="340" width="560" //**This video shows an easy to understand concept of the cell wall**// added deffinition, picture, and example. -Kaitlin G. added video by Andrew Richey

Ribosome Ribosomes are small circular structures in the cell, made of proteins and RNA molecules, which serves as a basis on which the cells are able to make proteins. Definition and picture added by Lauren Govan and Samm Wombough

A ribosome is a small organelle inside the cell which is able to produce protein for the cell and the body by linking amino acids together. Ribosomes are actually made by RNA and protein which is what it produces. The ribosome is usually attached to the endoplasmic reticulum which creates the rough endoplasmic reticulum which packages and shippes out proteins.

This picture shows the size of actual proteins inside a cell.

Ex. A ribosome is like a factory that helps to produce an item such as generators to the public which would be the cell and helps it to function and receive energy.

Definition, picture, picture description, and example by Nick Gross

Cytoplasm: the jelly-like liquid that holds all of the organelles within the cells. Cytoplasm is what holds in organelles such as mitochondrion and the nucleus in the cell, and the cytoplasm itself is contained by the cell membrane. Imagine the cytoplasm being the water inside of a washing machine. The water is the liquid in which all of your clothes sit, and without it, the washing machine would not b able to work. The same thing goes for the cytoplasm in the cell, only it is the organelles being held by it, and you would be in a lot more trouble if your cells weren't working than if your washing machine wasn't working.

This picture above is an excellent diagram. It has the cytoplasm boxed so that you can see exactly what you are looking for, and it points to a spot where there are no other organelles that might confuse someone into thinking that the line is pointing to something other than the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the lighter green area inside of the membrane and cell wall, and you can clearly see that it is in the entire cell.

Definition, analogy, picture, and picture description provided by Johanna Simpson.

endoplasmic reticulum
<span style="color: #7100ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, vesicles within a cell. It is part of an eukaryotic organelle. <span style="color: #bf0884; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">This picture shows you what an endoplasmic reticulum looks like. The definition and picture was by Lauren Govan.

Golgi apparatus The Golgi Apparatus is a organelle found in eukaryotic cells that package incoming proteins with its own code and sends them to where they are needed within the cell. An example of the function of the Golgi Apparatus is a mailman, because he packages the needed mail and takes it where it needs to go.

The picture below shows how the golgi exports proteins from its inner folds to be sent around the cell.

media type="youtube" key="bD4z27ASN1M" height="291" width="404" The video above gives a good visual on how exactly proteins are packaged and exported through the cell to wherever they may be needed.

~Definition, example, video and picture by Shannon G.

Vacuole

A vacuole is a membrane bound organelle within the cell that stores, transports, breaks down, and digests. Example: computer because it can save, erase, and change data like a vacuole stores, breaks down, and digests. <span style="color: #6600cc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I put thiis picture on here because its shows you what a vacuole is definition and example added by kevin g picture and example added by samm wombough

Lysosome Lysosomes are organelles inside of a eukaryotic cell. They break down things inside of the cell. One thing they break down is old organelles that no longer work. They make enzymes to break down these things. An example of something that does a job like a lysosome is a trash truck because it comes and destroys the old trash.

media type="youtube" key="tSU1t31II0s" height="344" width="425" This is a picture of where the lysosome is located in a cell and what it looks like compared to the other organelles. The video shows how devastating a person life would turn into if their lysosomes did not work. added definition,example,picture, and video Jerry Littrell

Chloroplast and Chlorophyll <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #00ffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 221%;">Plant cells have chloroplasts that use chlorophyll to convert the suns energy into sugar molecules that the plant cells can use to provide energy for the cell. Chloroplasts are the reason that plants are green.

<span style="background-color: #38e12d; color: #4c0b6b; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">This picture shows all of the parts that are inside of the chloroplasts.

definition by Andrew vb picture and description by andrew vb

Mitochondria

<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mitochondria gives the cell energy. It turns glucose into ATP which is used as chemical energy for the cell. <span style="color: #ff7c00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mitochondria could be compared to a power plant for a town. It gives the town energy like mitochondria gives the cell energy.



<span style="color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">This picture shows all the major parts of mitochondria.

added deffinition, picture, and example. -Kaitlin G. <span style="color: #ff7c00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

Cytoskeleton <span style="color: #d80e0e; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A cytoskeleton is what holds the inside off the cell together. It is similar to a human rib cage.

Definition added by Jack Picture added by Jack

Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, with water moving from where there is a greater concentration of water to where there is less water. Another way to think about it is that water will move until the ratio of water to other "stuff" dissolved in the water is equal on both sides of the membrane. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">This animation starts with more water ( blue molecules) on the left side, and more solute ( green ) on the right. Remember that solute can be anything that is dissolved in a solution, like sugar, salt (sodium), etc. The solute can't cross the membrane but water can. Over time w <span style="color: #540abd; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">ater will diffuse across the membrane to balance the ratio of water to solute on both sides. [|This is a link to a great summary of osmosis and diffusion]

<span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> media type="youtube" key="H6N1IiJTmnc" height="166" width="203"

Example: You get a salad with dressing on it. After a while, the dressing makes the lettuce wilt and get soggy. Animation, video, examples and definition provided by Mr.V
 * The grocery store uses osmosis all the time to keep vegetables looking fresh. Watch what happens to wilted lettuce that is left in pure water (remember the plant cells have more solute INSIDE the cell then OUTSIDE the cell so water has to flow inside the cells. **

Diffusion Diffusion is the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentratiion, to areas of low concentration.Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute and hence a lower concentration of water. Like when you put lettecue in water the water moves to the lettuce thats deffusion.

This picture is showing diffusion, an area of high concentration is moving to a area of lower concentration. The molecules need to even out so they move to the area of lower concentration so it can be evened out.

Picture and definition Provided by TJ Knox picture definition added to by TJ

Isotonic Solution <span style="color: #f33067; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">An isotonic solution happens when there is an equal concentration inside and outside the cell. Molecules still move in and out of the cell, but they move at an equal rate. In this picture, it is showing how the water molecules move in and out of the cell when there is an isotonic solution. The molecules are still moving, but moving at an equal amount.

definition and picture added by: Rachel Raczak

Hypertonic Solution A hypertonic solution is a solution in which there is more solute outside than inside the cell so water moves out of the cell.

This is a picture of a hypertonic solution where the water is moving out of the cell due to the amount of solute outside of the cell. added Definition picture and explanation Kevin G and Jack H

Hypotonic Solution

<span style="color: #006eff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">A hypotonic solution contains a lesser concentration of solute (salt molecules) compared to another solution, or the cytoplasm of the cell that it is in. In other words, there is more solute on the inside the cell rather than the outside. This causes water to come into the cell through the membrane and in turn makes the cell swell in size and may explode due to the mass amounts of water. Example: Filling a water balloon so that it is no longer vacated by air, but water. If the balloon grows too large, it will pop.

The picture on the left shows and explains the concentration difference and free flow of water into the cell.

Definition, picture and example by shannon and maggie.

Passive transport The process when molecules and other substances in the cell pass through the plasma membrane using no energy.

<span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">In this picture the cell membran e is only letting certain molecules in and out.

definition, picture, picture explanation, and example added by BJ

Facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport or materials across the plasma membrane by transporting protein embedded in the plasma membrane. In facilitated diffusion by carrier protein, the movement is with the concentration gradient and requires no energy used by the cell. In the picture above, you can observe a glucose molecule passing through the plasma membrane. In stage (A) the glucose is just entering the plasma membrane through the channel protein. In stage (B) the glucose is moving down the channel protein because the concentration gradient is down. In stage (C) the glucose made it through the channel protein and is now inside the cell. Also, in facilitated diffusion, glucose or anything else passing through the cell, may be transport by carrier proteins instead of channel proteins.

An example of facilitated diffusion would be people traveling up and down an escalator or a boat gliding through a canal.

Definition, example, picture, and picture explanation provided by Sam Laub. edited definition by sam laub.

<span style="color: #f014a5; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Active transport - The transport of substances throught the membrane the requires energy. the substances are being transported from inside of the cell to outside of it.

​ Added by nick hirsh

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis is the process in which the cell takes in a food or bacteria substance that is not able to move past the cell membrane by itself. Exocytosis is the process in which the cell discards the waste from the used food or bacteria substance that it had taken in.

This picture shows the process in which the cell takes in and discards the material the cell used for energy.

Ex. Endocytosis and exocytosis is similar to our bodies. The food we eat goes into our body and is broken down by acids in our stomachs which will give us the energy from the food. Once our body finishes digesting it, the left over substances are moved out of our body as waste...also known as poop.

definition, picture, description, example by Nick Gross

Cell Cycle (we explore this in depth in the second semester) <span style="color: #f014a5; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Cell Cycle is the process when cells go through many stages to reproduce and make more cells. media type="youtube" key="CLMDMK9pctA" height="340" width="560" <span style="color: #f330d6; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> this video describes what the cells grow through and what happens during each stage. definition by Allison Chatburn.

This picture shows all the different parts of the cell cycle. Below is a link to a video. [] added pic and link by Sam M.

Mitosis (we explore this in depth in the second semester) Mitosis is the process of nuclear division. It has five stages; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

prophase prometaphase metaphase aanaphase telophase

These pictures show the phases of mitosis in the order of which they occur. Below is a link to a video animation of mitosis. [] Def., pics, link by Sam M.

What Limits cell size? Why are most cells microscopic?

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**Cells must be small because otherwise they would not be able to live. Like the experiment we did in class, that showed that the bigger cubes of cytoplasm didn't turn white all the way through, the cell wouldn't get the proteins it needs into the center of the cell fast enough. The cell needs to be small so that it can transport the proteins that it needs to its nucleus in a timely fashion.** =====



I like this picture because it shows that even humans cant get to big or else the heart can not pump enough blood to vital organs. Cells are the same way because if they get too big the nutrients can not reach the middle fast enough.

Definition added by Tony Scalfaro. Picture and caption added by Tony Scalfaro.

Tissue (we explore this in depth in the second semester) Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Tissues organize in various combinations to form organs.

The first picture shows the three different kinds of tissue; a cardiac muscle cell, a skeletal muscle cell, and a smooth muscle cell. The second picture is a artists rendering of tissue. You can see all the cells that make up the tissue.

An example of tissue is a machine because a machine has many parts that work together to preform a specific function.

definition, picture, picture explanation, and example provided by Sam Laub.

=**<span style="color: #00ccff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%; vertical-align: sub;">Organ and Organ system **=

An organ is a structure that has 2 different types of tissues functioning together for the same purpose. An organ systems are two or more organs that work together for a common function.An organ is a structure that has 2 different types of tissues functioning together for the same purpose. This picture shows the digestive system, which is an example of an organ system.

Picture&definition by Heather Nuding

'

Cancer (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Gene (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Neuron A Neuron is a nerve cell that sends and receives electrical signals over long distances in the body. Definition and picture added by Matt L.

Dendrite <span style="color: #006eff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;">The branches that grow off the cell body when learning something new. The more they learn the bigger they get. If you don’t use that dendrite or skill as much anymore it will shrivel up. The dendrites attached to eachother, then sending a electrical current through the brain telling them how to perform the skill.

definiton and picture by Chelsea Reinert and Allison Chatburn.

This picture is showing a dendrite with a bunch of connections going off (red dots) picture and definition added by TJ Knox

Axon <span style="color: #ff7c00; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> The axon is the long fiber string covered in a fat substance called myelin and it connects the cell body to the axon terminals. The axon is what transmits the neural signals and transfer information to the axon terminals. The axon is like a phone cord, when you talk into the phone the cord takes what you said and sends it through the cord to the other person on the other side of the line.



Definition, picture, and examply by Chelsea Reinert

Synapse <span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The synapse is the connection between the dendrites and the axon. The synapse sends neurotransmitters across it. When neurotransmitters cross over the synapse it sends nerve impulses. The synapse is the main part of communication with others.

The synapse is like a cellphone. It connects you and the other person while talking but instead of sending neurotransmitters it sends your voice to the other person. It is also the main way to communicate with others.

definition, example & picture by Allison Chatburn

Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are located inside of a synapse. It is what allows cells to communitcate even with the small gaps inbetween them. One cell releases the neurotransmitters and sends them over to the other cell to tell it what to do. They then touch a receptor and that's when the information is received. These neurotransmitters' process can be messed up if someone uses drugs. Think of this as a house trying to tell someone something without using a phone. The person must move out of one house into another house to send the information to it.

media type="youtube" key="90cj4NX87Yk" height="344" width="425" This is a picture of two cells sending and receiving neurotransmitters. The one on the top pushes them out to the receptors of another cell so it can receive the signal. The video gives a much clearer understanding of how everything works. The video shows the enrgy being sent to the synapse and then pushing out the neurotransmitters to the receptors. Definition and example and picture and video added by Jerry Littrell

Addiction <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Addiction is a physical or psychological habit that causes a living thing to want or need to acquire a substance or feeling. For example, a person that is //addicted// to drugs, such as cocaine, will crave this illegal powder because their body has felt the soothing and relieving effects of this drug. After the brain has felt these effects, it depends on this feeling and craves it causing you to go into withdraw without this drug. If the user is not able to obtain the drug, the person may die or go to drastic measures that could harm a fellow human which is one reason why this drugs have become illegal and very dangerous.



This picture compares the difference between a normal person's brain and a person that is addicted to Meth. The Meth addict's brain consists mostly of dead areas in the brain which are shown in black. Drugs have a long lasting affect on the brain and can cause total brain damage or lack of motion depending on which drug is used and what parts of the brain it effects. If the drug effects the brainstem then the person will be unable to move and could shut down their heart causing death to the user.

EXAMPLE: An example of addiction is a cocaine addict that has not used his drugs or been able to purchase them and is suffering from withdraw that can cause death.

Definition, picture, description added by Nick Gross

Parts of an atom An atom has three parts that it is made out of. One part is an electron, another is a proton, and the other is a neutron. The proton has a positive charge and is in the nucleus. An electron is negatively charged. A neutron has an easy way to remember how it is charged. It is neutral and sort of sounds like neutral. Think of an atom as three kids in an argument. One kid wants one thing and another kid wants the opposite. The third kid is not on either side which makes the argument balanced out.

This picture gives a clearer understanding of where everything is. It shows how the proton or positively charged part is in the nucleus and is near the neutron. It also shows how the negatively charged electron is not as close to them.

Definiton and example added by Jerry Littrell

Difference between Ionic and Covalent bonds

Atoms in an ionic bond are bound together by the opposite attraction from other charged ions. An example of this is a magnet; the oppositely charged ends click together while two of a kind repels each other. In a covalent bond, the atoms in the bond are held together by shared electrons. An example of this is a telephone pole. The shared wires (electrons) connect the poles (that act as the atoms) throughout forming a chain of bonds throughout the neighborhood, or cell.

~pictures, examples, and definitons added by Shannon Gillespie

Polarity The positive or negative charge that attracts or pulls away from each other, not all things have polarity. = In this picture you see water a polar molecule and Ethane a nonpolar molecule the water has a positive and negative charge. =

Example: an example of this is that a person is not polar to a magnet while a piece of metal is.
definiton,picture, and example by andrew and andrew

Hydrogen Bonds A hydrogen bond is a weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms. These bonds are important to organisms because they provide help to hold many biomolecules, such as proteins, together. This picture shows the bond between two water molecules. In a covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen, the electrons spend more time near the oxygen nucleus than near the hydrogen nucleus. Because oxygen tends to attract the shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen does, the oxygen end of a water molecule has a slight negative charge, and the ends with hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.

An example of a hydrogen bond would be to magnets sticking together??

definition, picture, picture explanation provided by Sam Laub.

Water as a molecule
 * The water molecule (H2O) is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. **
 * The oxygen atom is like a big, comfy couch where there’s only enough room for two hydrogen atoms at a time. **

​**

This picture shows the oxygen atom, **** red, **** with two hydrogen atoms, **** white, **** connected to it. ** Picture, example, and definition added by Victoria R.

Importance of Carbon as the foundation of life's molecules

Simple Carbohydrates

Complex Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates are the healthy carbs that help keep the body going. Complex Carbohydrates are rich in vitamins and nutrients and will keep the body going for longer than the Simple Carbohydrates (these are McDonalds, white bread, and all unhealthy foods). Examples of Complex Carbohydrates are whole wheats, brown rice, and oatmeal.



Both of these pictures are helpful because the one on the left gives you a look at what the molecule looks like and the one on the right shows you examples of complex carbohydrates definiton,picture by Jakob A.

Lipids: a lipid is a fat or oil cell. It is not dissolvable in water. Examples of lipids also include waxes and phospholipids, which are lipids that layer a cell membrane. Lipids help form the cell membrane, and energry is also stored in the fat (lipids) throughout our body. This picture is a perfect visual for explaing what lipids do. It shows the structure of the cell membrane and where they are located on the cell. It has the polar heads of the lipids and their tails so that you can see how a lipid forms a membrane. media type="youtube" key="7k2KAfRsZ4Q" height="344" width="425"

This video explains the structure of a lipid, and how it forms a cell membrane. I chose this because it had animation and a narrator that briefly but effectively described a lipid for the viewer.

Definition, picture, video, explanations, and examples provided by Johanna Simpson.

Amino Acids and Proteins A protein is a molecule that is used in the body for energy and to build muscle. Proteins are formed by 20 amino acids linked together which are the building blocks for proteins. Proteins are mainly found inside meats that come from animals we consume such as turkey, cow, pig, or chicken. Proteins are also able to help us with protecting our body and transporting important molecules or substances around in the cell. This first picture is of a protein that would be contained inside a person's body. You are able to see the blue chains that are breaking off from the center of the protein and these are all amino acids. The second picture is an example of how a person may get protein into their body by eating the meat of an animal.

Example: Eating meat is an example of the body recieves protein. By working out and training your muscles, protein will help to build them up and also keep them strong.

Definition, pictures, examples added, also refined by Nick Gross

Enzymes A protein (protein based molecule) that speeds up a chemical reaction in an organism. Definition and picture added by Matt L.

Condensation (dehydration) reaction
 * A condensation reaction is the process when a water molecule is lost to two other molecules. The two molecules react when the water molecule is lost, causing condensation. **
 * An example of condensation would be the moisture on the outside of a glass that contains a cold drink, when the air outside the glass is warm. **

Example, picture, and definition added by Victoria R.
 * This picture shows a glass with condensation on it, caused by the combination of the cold drink and the warm air. **

Hydrolysis <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> A hydrolysis reaction is when water splits a substance into two smaller substances.

<span style="color: #0813c9; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">I chose this picture because it shows the substance spliting into two different substances because of water.

added deffinition and picture. -Kaitlin G.

ATP ATP is the prehistoric nucleic acid that is found in all of us. ATP is also energy that allows us to contract our muscles, breath and do all the basic essential processes of life. WITHOURT ATP WE WOULD ALL BE DEAD.

media type="youtube" key="Vvso-nn0O10" height="344" width="425" This video is also helpful because it show how ATP can be used and how to speed up ATP production in the cell.

This picture is helpful because it gives you a look at what ATP as a molecule looks like. It also shows all the different molecules that make up ATP.

definition, picture by Jakob A

Photosynthesis
 * Photosynthesis is a process used by plants to make food (glucose) and give off oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants. The chloroplasts use the energy they get from the sun to make glucose, which they get from combining carbon dioxide and water. The formula for photosynthesis is 6CO 2 +12H 2 O+energy=C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 +6H 2 O. **


 * An example of photosynthesis would be a solar panel. Solar panels use sunlight to create energy for electricity. **


 * This picture shows the photosynthesis process. The plant gets energy from the sun to combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugar and give off oxygen. **

Definition, example, and picture added by Victoria R. definition revision added by Victoria R.

Cellular Respiration
 * Cellular respiration** allows [|organ]isms to use (release) the energy stored in [|glucose]. The energy in [|glucose] is first used to produce [|ATP]. [|Cells] use [|ATP] to supply their energy needs.



<span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Cellular respiration is the process in which food molecules are broken down to produce ATP. It has three stages, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture shows the cycle that takes place during cellular respiration <span style="color: #5454fc; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">An example of cellular repiration is breathing definition, example picture and picture explanation added by BJ

<span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Fermentation

The process of energy production in a cell

Picture&defintion added by Heather Nuding

<span style="color: #150cca; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Fermentation also called anaerobic respiration, which uses no oxygen. There are two types of fermentation, alcoholic and lactic. They both begin with glycolysis but have no citric acid cycle or electron transport chain.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffcc00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture shows how it starts in glycolysis, then splits into alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation <span style="color: #00ccff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">An example of fermentaion is the making of sour dough bread definition, example picture, and picture explaination added by BJ