Period+2+Midterm+Review+2009



... connecting questions to learning. media type="custom" key="3032046" **Reminder: Use Period 1 as a study guide. Although some of the period 2 work is excellent, period 1 spent more time revising for accuracy and clarity. **

Midterm Exam Concepts: Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide. Include definitions **__in your own words __**, images, embed youtube videos, and links to websites with animations. You earn extra credit for original examples or analogies. Your assignment Guidelines are posted here.

**Hypothesis-** An educated guess or assumption of how the experiment will turn out.
media type="youtube" key="dPlYfeUxeiQ" height="150" width="147"AN educated guess on constellations and starz

Control (in an experiment) - The one that stays the same. [[image:control.jpg width="225" height="175"]]
====Independent Variables are values that are controlled or selected by the person experimenting (experimenter) to determine its relationship to an observed  phenomenon (the dependent variable). ====

====Dependent Variable-is what's measured in an experiment and can change throughtout the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable that's why it's called dependent because it 'depends" on the independent variable. ====

====Experiment and Data - an experiment is the procedure of testing the hypothesis and the data is all of the information gathered usually put into chart form. ====

====Theory - A general idea or body of ideas offered to explain a phenomenon. media type="youtube" key="0FPUutjtqfw" height="352" width="433"<span style="color: rgb(93,249,126);"><span style="color: rgb(13,18,69);">A video on the big bang theory. In this picture of blues clues it shows this guy tring to come up with a theory to explain what the three items could make. ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Prokaryote- <span style="color: rgb(25,244,11);">Simple organism with no nucleus. Single cell. media type="youtube" key="F_zIkJdQPYQ" height="124" width="147"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Eukaryote- <span style="color: rgb(15,245,17);">Complex Organism with a nucleus. Absorbs food and transmits nerve impulses! (animal Cell)
media type="youtube" key="mMfGxWqW-Cc" height="141" width="165" <span style="color: rgb(255,3,0);">

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Oraganelle-
<span style="color: rgb(235,8,0);">A differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Nucleus- <span style="color: rgb(10,240,16);">Basically the cell's Brain, Holds genetic material or DNA which forms genes.
media type="youtube" key="H1zaqofRiAY" height="163" width="258"

====<span style="color: rgb(246,120,19); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,4,255); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chromosomes <span style="color: rgb(250,116,5);">Chromosomes are formed when DNA is wrapped in protective proteins in the nucleus and help organize DNA. ==== <span style="color: rgb(246,120,19); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,4,255); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(77,5,250); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Video below helps describe what chromosomes actually are. Every species of plant and animal has a set number of chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs, or 46 total chromosomes. media type="youtube" key="VlN7K1-9QB0" height="364" width="445"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Nucleolus- Located inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes.[[image:nucleolus.jpg width="270" height="170"]]
====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Plasma (cell) Membrane and fluid mosaic model-<span style="color: rgb(22,255,0);"> plasma membrane takes control of the nutrients that move between the cell boundary... ==== media type="youtube" key="Qqsf_UJcfBc" height="141" width="154"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Selective Permeability- <span style="color: rgb(14,221,52);">To allow certain molecules through, while it keeps others out
membrane while other molecules are not able to move through **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The cell is only allowing certain molecules to move through the

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Transport Protein- <span style="color: rgb(6,249,16);">Move to where they are needed, help the substance and waste materials through the membrane

 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture shows the 3 transport proteins (Na+) trying to move through the cell membrane **

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"><span style="color: rgb(0,255,3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
media type="youtube" key="t8yzHVAxKhQ" height="127" width="151"<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(231,13,15);">media type="youtube" key="zSzD1ZgfEjU" height="344" width="425"<span style="color: rgb(162,0,255);">an animation of an animal cell.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"><span style="color: rgb(0,255,3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,5,255);">
====<span style="color: rgb(0,5,255);"><span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"><span style="color: rgb(0,255,3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Ribosome- <span style="color: rgb(12,255,0);">Assemble ALL of the cells proteins
media type="youtube" key="Jml8CFBWcDs" height="153" width="180"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">endoplasmic reticulum- <span style="color: rgb(36,245,15);">Rough E.R prepares newly made proteins; Smooth E.R breaks down toxic materials.


====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Golgi apparatus- <span style="color: rgb(11,239,21);">Receives newly made lipids and proteins from the E.R then sends to lysosomes etc... ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">** Lysosome **- <span style="color: rgb(23,240,10);">Gets rid of waste inside the cell or recycles it. <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(7,39,156);">Watch these videos in sequence if you would like to know the answer to the question "Why do I need to know about organelles"!

media type="youtube" key="dh01ivlV_D0" height="244" width="299" media type="youtube" key="ub_cRLInc-s" height="239" width="291"media type="youtube" key="1zhrmb5VgcM" height="281" width="346"media type="youtube" key="MElMPPOTC_I" height="280" width="341"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Chloroplast and Chlorophyll- captures light energy and changes it to chemical energy so plant can make food.
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**The Chloroplast inside of a plant cell**

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Mitochondria- <span style="color: rgb(9,225,12);">Main energy source of the cell.
this is a detailed picture of a mitochondria.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Osmosis
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(3,2,2);"><span style="color: rgb(103,11,188); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="color: rgb(7,3,3);"><span style="color: rgb(116,0,255); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">This animation  <span style="color: rgb(84,10,189);">starts with more water (<span style="color: rgb(13,6,147);">blue molecules) on the left side, and more solute (<span style="color: rgb(2,116,14);">green ) on the right. Remember that solute can be anything that is dissolved in a solution, like sugar, salt (sodium), etc. The solute can't cross the membrane but water can. Over time water will diffuse across the membrane to balance the ratio of water to solute on both sides. [|This is a link to a great summary of osmosis and diffusion] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdiJtDRJQEc

The grocery store uses osmosis all the time to keep vegetables looking fresh. Watch what happens to wilted lettuce that is left in pure water (rem ember the plant cells have more solute INSIDE the cell then OUTSIDE the cell so water has to flow inside the cells. media type="youtube" key="H6N1IiJTmnc" height="166" width="203"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Diffusion- <span style="color: rgb(13,222,16);">Movement of molecules from a high to lower concentration. Ex.
<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"><span style="display: block; color: rgb(13,222,16); text-align: center;">media type="youtube" key="H7QsDs8ZRMI" height="215" width="264"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Isotonic Solution - something that has the same concentration of salt as cells and blood.
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**The picture shows that the stuff inside the bag and inside the beaker are Isotonic solutions because they have the same concentration of salt**

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Hypertonic Solution - A solution that has more solutes than another solution that it is compared to. This picture explains itself. It shows Particles moving from lower concentrated areas to higher concentrated areas.====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Hypotonic Solution- The concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell then the consentration inside the cell.
<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> media type="youtube" key="s0p1ztrbXPY" height="344" width="425"

====<span style="color: rgb(255,10,10);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"><span style="color: rgb(218,37,37);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(5,0,255);">Passive transport      ==== ====<span style="color: rgb(255,10,10);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"><span style="color: rgb(218,37,37);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(0,244,255);"><span style="color: rgb(169,0,255);">- Transporting a substance without energy across a cell membrane. This picture shows how Passive Transport works.====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Facilitated diffusion- The transport of materials across the membrane.
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**The materials inside the cell are being transported and diffusing from one side of the cell membrane to the other**

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Active transport- A movement of ions across the cellular membrane from a lower concentraion to a higher concentration


====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">ATP- The most important molecule located within human beings.<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(231,13,15);"> ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Endocytosis and Exocytosis
media type="youtube" key="K7yku3sa4Y8" height="161" width="193"<span style="color: rgb(3,88,165); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Exocytosis & Endocytosis are ways a cell can pass proteins in vesicles out of the cell or into the cell.

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Cell Cycle- The sequence of growth and division of a cell.<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(231,13,15);">media type="youtube" key="JmiSg_bEv6I" height="344" width="425"a video on the cell cycle ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Mitosis
<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(156,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">When cells grow large enough, or when they grow old, they will divide by mitosis. Essentially the cell has to copy and sort it's DNA, create two nuclei, and divvy up the organelles.
 * 1) 1media type="youtube" key="VlN7K1-9QB0" height="255" width="309"media type="custom" key="2993916"
 * 2) 2media type="youtube" key="CzPGhYiGyZ8" height="238" width="372"

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">What Limits cell size? Why are most cells microscopic?<span style="color: rgb(173,26,26);"> It's Internal Functions limit it, the activities don't require a lot of space, so that much size is enough. ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Gene -<span style="color: rgb(222,13,18);"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">a part of D.N.A that controls the production of a protein
<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Neuron<span style="color: rgb(8,212,62);">-cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites. ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">[[image:26080.gif width="202" height="187"]]
====<span style="color: rgb(114,1,183);">Phagocyte and Macrophage- <span style="color: rgb(50,191,49);">Phagocytes are cells That ingest the pathogen by sourrounding invador and digesting it. There are seceral different types of phagocytes. One example is the macrophage. Macropage act like scavengers. They look for invading pathogens that have antibodies bound to them and then send alert signals for other macrophages to come and destroy the invadors. ====

====<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(201,165,8); font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Antigen-any substance that can stimulate the making of antibodies and bond with them. ==== media type="youtube" key="DyKXfsDE8Y8" height="344" width="425"<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(207,176,2); font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> This video shows antigens working within a living organism (feat. T-Cells and Helper T's)

====<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36,3,226); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Antibody-One of many protein molecules (shaped like a Y) produced by B cells as a main immune defense. The antibodies have the ability to attach and "fuse" with the invading virus, disabling it and calling on other immune systems to come and help. ==== ====<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(36,3,226); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">media type="youtube" key="hQmaPwP0KRI" height="344" width="425"This video shows the work of aantibodies inside a living organism. ====

====<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(130,6,183); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">T-Cell (Lymphocyte)-Important part of the immune system, the T-Cells (t stands for thymus) attack other cells in the body which are infected by bacteria or harmful, invading cells. Like a "Super Cell". ==== media type="youtube" key="E2e5J1dfiE0" height="344" width="425"<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(230,5,5); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(246,4,4); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">This video describes what a T-Cell does within a living organism

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Major differences between bacterial and viral infections
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