Period+1+Midterm+Review+2009

 ... connecting questions to learning.

Midterm Exam Concepts: Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide. Include definitions **__in your own words__**, images, embed youtube videos, and links to websites with animations. You earn extra credit for original examples or analogies. Your assignment guidelines are posted here.

**__Hypothesis-__**
//A well thought out educational guess of what you think the outcome of an experiment will be before the experiment is done. // __//Example- We are about to start an experiment to test daphnia’s heart rate when given alcohol. // __ // Before we even start I make a hypothesis. My hypothesis is, the daphnia’s heart rate will increase because people become excited when they drink. (note: Our experimental results did not support our hypothesis. We discovered that alcohol depresses heart rates.  //  

**__Control (in an experiment)__**
A control only allows you to evaluate the effect of a variable. For example in the experiment pictured, the scientist probably used the same type of seeds and gave the plants equal amounts of light and water. Plant type, light and water are all CONTROLS <span style="color: rgb(0,106,255);"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(134,4,58); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">__Independent Variable__
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,0);">T <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(139,0,255);">he part of the experiment that you change on purpose, what you are testing. Factor that affects the outcome of the experiment. <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(5,148,41);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(139,0,255);">In the soil experiment above the __**type of soil**__ is the __**independent variable**__. The scientist is evaluating the effect of soil quality on plant growth.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Dependent Variable
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(175,4,89);">the part of the experiment that does change and depends on the independent variable. <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(102,10,158);"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(175,4,89);">In the soil experiment above the __**Plant height is the dependent variable.**__ This is what the scientist is measuring. Plant height depends on the quality of the soil.

<span style="color: rgb(31,22,243);">Experiment and Data
//An experiment is procedures done to test a theory. Data is the information collected to prove, disprove or just to find out information from the experiment.

example- We did an experiment on how daphnia would react to different drugs. So we gave the daphnia different types of drugs to see its behavior and timed there heart rate and recorded it on paper. The numbers we got from recording the heart rate and recording the behavior became our data.//

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Theory
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,57,0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">A Theory is an explanation that helps explain what we observe. Whereas a hypothesis is a plausible explanation that can be tested by an experiment, a theory has been tested and refined by many, many different experiments and observation. The cell theory, hielocentric theory (sun at center of solar system), evolutionary theory, gravitational theory, plate techtonic theory, and atomic theory are examples of theories that have been tested and refined by evidence over many years. <span style="font-size: 117%; color: rgb(161,33,156); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> media type="youtube" key="84u08tOsfg0" height="405" width="500" <span style="font-size: 117%; color: rgb(161,33,156); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A theory is an explanation based on experiments and observations

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Prokaryote <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(6,188,29); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255,230,0);">unicellular (Singled celled ) organism, lack internal membrane-bound organelles. They only have chromosomes and ribosomes, no other organelles. Common examples are bacteria. They get their energy by fermenting sugar in the food they breakdown. <span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Eukaryote
<span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(201,8,19);">//<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(175,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">A cell type that contains a nucleus and organelles with their own membranes. Although the picture does not show it, eukaryotes are typically hundreds of times larger then prokaryotes. Our body cells are eukaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells .//

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<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Oraganelle
<span style="color: rgb(255,0,152); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">An organelle is a small structure which is very specialized and is found inside a cell. Inside some cells, the organelle may be surrounded by the membrane. Each one has a different function for the cell. <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,185,0); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255,148,0); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">FUN FACTS: 1. The main organelles are the, Nucleus, cell membrane, Chloroplast, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall and Golgi Apparatus. 2. Organelles are structures inside eukaryote cells that carry out functions. 3. A particular cell will have more of some organelles because they enable it to carry its function. **

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Nucleus
<span style="color: rgb(166,13,231);"> //<span style="color: rgb(255,0,121);">The Nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains DNA .// <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(3,39,145);">DNA stores the code for all the proteins the organism can make. The DNA is protected and copied in the nucleus. For the cell to start making more of a specific protein a signal has to travel from the cell membrane and to the nucleus.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Chromosomes
DNA in an average plant or animal cell stretches 6 feet (2 meters). All the DNA in your body could wrap around the earth several times! To pack and organize the DNA <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(234,11,99);">into such a tiny space the DNA is wrapped up with proteins in a coiled rope called a chromosome. Each species has a different number. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from mom and 23 from dad) <span style="color: rgb(234,11,99);"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,0,86); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"> Chromosomes are not visible in the cell’s nucleus—not even under a microscope—when the cell is not dividing. However, the DNA that makes up chromosomes becomes more tightly packed during cell division and is then visible under a microscope. Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere, which divides the chromosome into two sections, or “arms.” The short arm of the chromosome is labeled the “p arm.” The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the “q arm.” The location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of specific genes.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Nucleolus


<span style="font-size: 110%; color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">DNA is a code for proteins. short pieces of DNA are copied whenever a protein is needed, and these short DNA copies are called RNA. To read this RNA code and build proteins the cell uses ribosomes. Ribosomes are actually balls of RNA that have been turned into molecular robots. The NUCLEOLUS, inside the nucleus, makes these ribosomes and sends them outside the nucleus.

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Plasma (cell) Membrane and fluid mosaic mode <span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(3,22,170); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">The cell membrane is called a plasma membrane because it is fluid. It is essentially a bubble made out of a double layer of fat (lipid). Floating around in this double layer are proteins, which is why it is also called a fluid mosaic (mosaic describes something that has lots of different parts like a quilt). ==== <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,255,204); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"> media type="youtube" key="ULR79TiUj80" height="143" width="166"

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Selective Permeability <span style="display: block; color: rgb(91,0,255); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">The job of the Selective Permeability is to allow certain molecules through; while it keeps others out. Ex. Screen in your window, to keep the bees out in the summer and allowing air to flow through. <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,0,191); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">//also an example is straining pasta. It keeps the pasta from going down the drain but lets the water through.// ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Phospholipid (how the membrane creates an inside and an outside)
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and phosphate group. <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,27,255); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">♥ This Picture above ↑ is actually a close up picture to the fluid mosaic model, the polar head allows water and some things pass only if its small enough. See the Fatty Acid tail which is connected by another fatty acid tail, dont like water, once water enters the nonpolar tail it quickly sucks the water through and pushes it straight to the other side.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Transport Protein
media type="youtube" key="w6lM-TNKd7w" height="405" width="500" <span style="color: rgb(0,217,255);"> It regulates which molecules enter and leave a cell Also there are more then one type of ways protein can cross the membrane it mostly depends what the body needs at the time and how big and the energy needed for the protein to even cross through, its main focus is what enters and leaves the cell. **
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">A type of protein that transports materials across a cell membrane

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Differences between <span style="color: rgb(6,208,9);">plant <span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> and <span style="color: rgb(188,6,6);">animal <span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> cells ==== <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,13,231);"> <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(8,166,28);">Plant cells: <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,13,231);">


 * cell wall and cell membrane
 * few lysosomes
 * Chloroplasts
 * large vacuole

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(117,5,199);">Animal cells:
 * no cell wall, only membrane
 * lysosomes
 * no chloroplasts
 * vacuole sometimes present, when it is present usually small.

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Differences between <span style="color: rgb(96,11,168);">prokaryotic <span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> and <span style="color: rgb(214,104,10);">eukaryotic <span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> cells ==== Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or make multicellular organisms, and contain a true nuclueus and organelles. Prokaryotic cells are just unicellular organisms like bacteria and lack internal membrane-bound organelles (they only have DNA and Ribosomes, although most have a cell membrane and cell wall)

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Cell Wall
<span style="color: rgb(255,0,145);">The cell wall is found in plants and fungi, and bacteria. It is hold the cell together and provides protection.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Ribosome
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Cells have to make **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">proteins **. These proteins might be used as enzymes or as support for other cell functions. When you have to make proteins, you look for ribosomes. **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ribosomes ** are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(11,89,203);">The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that contains organelles inside the plasma membrane. All diffusion of nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water happens in the cytoplasm.

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<span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,93,255); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">

<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(10,21,209); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Endoplasmic reticulum
====<span style="display: block; color: rgb(8,110,201); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">responsible for: Providing materials to ribosomes for making proteins, packaging proteins for transport to the golgi, and storing glucose sugar Its similar in structure to the plasma membrane. ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">
<span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">Organelle in eukaryotic cells only.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Golgi apparatus
====<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">**the golgi apparatus packages proteins to that are shipped outside the cell by exocytosis. It wrapps them in membrane vesciles so that they can merge with the cell membrane and slide out. Watch the video! The golgi is the Yellow Organelle in the video.** ==== ====<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> media type="youtube" key="K7yku3sa4Y8" height="320" width="394" ====

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,178);">Stores materials for the cell temporarily, like food and water.


====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Lysosome - The janitors of the cell eating up bacteria <span style="color: rgb(0,255,40);">(and other material) <span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> that doesn't belong. ==== <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(7,39,156);">Watch these videos in sequence if you would like to know the answer to the question "Why do I need to know about organelles"! <span style="color: rgb(23,240,10);">

media type="youtube" key="dh01ivlV_D0" height="244" width="299" media type="youtube" key="ub_cRLInc-s" height="239" width="291"media type="youtube" key="1zhrmb5VgcM" height="281" width="346"media type="youtube" key="MElMPPOTC_I" height="280" width="341"

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Chloroplast and Chlorophyll - Chloroplast captures light energy, using it to split water and Carbon Dioxide and recombining the molecules to make glucose (sugar) and oxygen! ====

media type="youtube" key="0PEYAOKTqEU" height="405" width="500"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Mitochondria
==<span style="color: rgb(255,134,0);"> the powerhouse of the cell, it is responsible for producing energy to the cells and cell respiration. It is able to combine sugar with oxygen to charge tons of ATP molecules which all life uses for energy. ==

====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Provides structure to cell- transports some materials By:Emily Reharound the outside is the Cytoskeleton. ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Osmosis
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(116,0,255); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">This animation <span style="color: rgb(84,10,189); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">starts with more water ( <span style="color: rgb(13,6,147); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">blue <span style="color: rgb(84,10,189); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> molecules) on the left side, and more solute ( <span style="color: rgb(2,116,14); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">green <span style="color: rgb(84,10,189); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">) on the right. Remember that solute can be anything that is dissolved in a solution, like sugar, salt (sodium), etc. The solute can't cross the membrane but water can. Over time water will diffuse across the membrane to balance the ratio of water to solute on both sides. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> [|This is a link to a great summary of osmosis and diffusion]

The grocery store uses osmosis all the time to keep vegetables looking fresh. Watch what happens to wilted lettuce that is left in pure water (rem ember the plant cells have more solute INSIDE the cell then OUTSIDE the cell so water has to flow inside the cells. media type="youtube" key="H6N1IiJTmnc" height="166" width="203" Example: You get a salad with dressing on it. After a while, the dressing makes the lettuce wilt and get soggy.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Diffusion
====<span style="color: rgb(255,0,174); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">The movement of particles from an area of high concentration, to an area of lower concentration. Occurs due to movement of random particles. ==== media type="youtube" key="H7QsDs8ZRMI" height="121" width="147"media type="youtube" key="gXJMBgyT_hk" height="316" width="388"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Isotonic Solution
<span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255,57,0); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">The concentration of stuff or solute like salt and sugar is the same outside and inside the cell. Water moves equally across the membrane in both directions <span style="display: block; color: rgb(249,204,31); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"> media type="youtube" key="plen79Fgmz0" height="84" width="100"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Hypertonic Solution
<span style="color: rgb(248,42,188); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Concentration of something dissolved outside the cell is higher than inside the cell, more water will move out of the cell, less moves in. REMEMBER SOLUTE SUCKS WATER!

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Passive transport
<span style="display: block; color: rgb(232,0,255); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">Passive Transport is a simple diffusion that allows the Concentration gradient to easily pass through,( using no energy) media type="youtube" key="s0p1ztrbXPY" height="127" width="150"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Facilitated diffusion
<span style="display: block; color: rgb(135,240,20); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">Facilitated Diffusion allows bigger water cells to pass through the channel proteins (using a little amount of energy)

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(8,19,201);">Active transport
<span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(14,38,200); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">Active Transport moves solute from low to high concentration, which uses lots of energy to move in the opposite direction of diffusion through proteins channel. It's like walking up a "down" escalator. <span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(90,11,193); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(193,11,25); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">Our bodies constantly do this to recharge our muscles and nerves, like setting up dominoes so they can fall again. <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,158,20); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: left;">media type="youtube" key="STzOiRqzzL4" height="132" width="157"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">ATP
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(250,46,190); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The all purpose energy molecule of life. It is used to change the shape of proteins the way a spark can change the shape of a piston in a car engine. ATP gets recharged when Mitochondria burn sugar.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Endocytosis and Exocytosis
media type="youtube" key="K7yku3sa4Y8" height="170" width="197"Endocytosis- Process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment. Exocytosis- Explosion or secretion of materials from a cell.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Cell Cycle - Is a series of events that takes place in the cell to creat new cells
<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,13,231);">media type="youtube" key="D-UrgJ-mG9Q" height="344" width="425"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">
<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);"> <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(156,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">When cells grow large enough, or when they grow old, they will divide by mitosis. Essentially the cell has to copy and sort it's DNA, create two nuclei, and divvy up the organelles.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(86,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * 1) 1media type="youtube" key="VlN7K1-9QB0" height="255" width="309"media type="custom" key="2989718"
 * 2) 2media type="youtube" key="CzPGhYiGyZ8" height="238" width="372"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">What Limits cell size? Why are most cells microscopic?
<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(186,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Since cells get their food and oxygen by diffusion they have to divide when they grow to big, otherwise they will suffocate and starve.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Organ and Organ system
<span style="color: rgb(3,3,3);">Organ-group of two or more tissues organized to perform activities within an organism (like the heart or stomach) <span style="color: rgb(23,0,255);">Organ system-multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function (like the stomach and intestine working together to digest food)

<span style="color: rgb(59,0,230);">Cancer
Malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division. Caused by environmental factors or by changes in enzyme production. Forms different types of tumors, and is a leading cause of death in the U.S.A. They may be caused by environmental factors and through genetics. <span style="color: rgb(255,0,142); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">media type="youtube" key="GwN8-e-FLBQ" height="295" width="480"
====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Gene: (Code for trait) * stretches of DNA that code for making a pretein. by Emily Reh ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Neuron
====<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Claimed by susan <span style="color: rgb(255,0,193); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">A neuron is also known as a nerve cell. It is the basic unit of structure and functions of the nervous system. It conducts the impulses throughout the entire nervous system. media type="youtube" key="sX87g3AHIbc" height="344" width="425" ====

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Dendrite
<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The dendrite of a cell, is the branchlike figure which is part of the neuron. It's job is to __**receive**__ impulses and send them out through out the cells body.

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Axon
<span style="color: rgb(69,208,237);">An axon is also known as the "nerve fiber" it's a portion of the nerve cell that is long and skinny. They carry signals __**away**__ from the body of the nerve cell

<span style="color: rgb(201,8,52);">The space between the neurons axon and another neurons dendrites, then signals are passes. Here signals can be amplified or blocked.
<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,13,231);">media type="youtube" key="HXx9qlJetSU" height="344" width="425"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Proteins that are sent across the synapse to either stimulate or quiet the next nerve.
<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(166,13,231);">

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">Phagocyte and Macrophage
<span style="color: rgb(0,48,255);">phagocyte-white blood cells that destroy pathogens by surrounding them. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Macrophage-type of phagocyte that surrounds damaged cells

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">antigen
<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">foreign substances that stimulate an immune response in the body <span style="color: rgb(109,0,255);">If you have type A and B blood that stand for the type of bloods antigens found in the bodys red blood cells

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">antibody
media type="youtube" key="Ys_V6FcYD5I" height="286" width="352"<span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,255,53); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">proteins in the blood plasma produced in reaction to antigens that reach with and disable antigens

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">T-Cell (Lymphocyte)
<span style="color: rgb(59,223,42); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> The T-Cell is one of the basic helpers of the body sending messages to your cells for help of and invasion that might have occurred. The T-cells are like groups in a form of a white blob, always moving and on the look out of any attack and ready to defend. But the T- cell can't do all the work on its own, so with the help of the body's immunity the cells produce killer T cells and Helper T cells to get rid of the "villain" that might have entered the body, simply by a cut or sneeze from another person. Your Cells are fighting against millions of bacteria each day. YEAH :[ <span style="display: block; color: rgb(9,119,51); font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;"> media type="youtube" key="aSpRpf1Ny9A" height="344" width="425"

<span style="color: rgb(8,19,201);">B-Cell (Lymphocyte)
activated by a T-cell and becomes a plasma cell and produces antibodies

=
<span style="color: rgb(0,215,255); font-family: Georgia,serif;">make antibodies against antigens. the cells immune system makes antibodies to stop viruses from coming in then if forms memory cells so when the virus comes again your body will be immune to it so you can't get that virus again. ===== <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(7,105,32); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">A: Antigens are proteins from viruses or bacteria that don't belong in your body! <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(3,16,104); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">B: B cells can "read" the shape of the antigen and make antibodies that "tag" the antigen making it easier for macrophages to catch invaders. <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(174,4,139); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C & D: t cells either kill directly, or help bring antigens to macrophages. <span style="color: rgb(174,4,139);"> <span style="color: rgb(53,0,255);"> <span style="color: rgb(174,4,139);">

Bacterial: are living microorganisms that divide to reproduce. Can grown on non living objects.
====Viral: are non living organisms. They need a living "host" in order to multiple such as people plants and animals. Without that they can't survive. ====

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