Midterm+Review+2010+P6

- Midterm Exam Concepts: Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide.

Include definitions **__in your own words__**, images, embed youtube videos, and links to websites with animations.

You can earn extra credit for original examples or analogies.

Your assignment guidelines are posted here (read these for important reminders)

**Hypothesis  A supposition or assumption advanced as a basis for reasoning or argument, or as a guide to experimental investigation. They are normally used before an experiment to make a prediction and to test to see if u were right before u even start the experiment. 1st defintion added by george **

Control (in an experiment) In a science experiment a control test is something that does not change or the outcome of which is already known. An example would be Mythbusters "double dipping test". The control was a bowl of dip that was completely untouched. The experiment was to double dip a sterile chip into a sterile dip and see how much bacteria there was. The myth was that double dipping is as bad as spitting food back into the bowl, the myth was busted double dipping is not as bad as spitting food back into the bowl. p.s. could not find any videos explainning or showing control tests on youtube.com, google.com and discovery.com

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Experiment and Data

Theory

Prokaryote

uncellular organism, such as bacteria, each of which is composed of a prokaryote cells. Prokaryote cells lack internal membran-bone structure. They also are ten time smaller than eukarytoe cells. Melinda Palm 1st definition for Prokaryote

Eukaryote uncellular or multicellular organism, such as yeast, plants, and animals, composed of Eukaryote cells, which contain a true nucleus and membrane - bound organelles. Also they are ten times larger than the prokaryote cells. Melinda Palm 1st definition for Eukaryote

Oraganelle   A functional unit within a cell, such as the Golgi, vacuole, and mitochondrion. It literally means "little organ." The way we use organelles in everyday lilfe is by living. All cells need organelles to function. in the picture it shows all the oraganelles of a plant cell. -1st picture, definition, and picture definitions added by kirsten

Nucleus poistively charged center of an atom composed of neutrons and positively charged protons, and surrounded by negatively charged electrons. By melinda

Chromosomes

Threadlike strand of DNA, appears in the nucleus during cell division. We use chromosomes in everyday life by the way we look, the DNA inside of the chromosome creates our appearance. **in the picture, it shows how the chromosome appears, you can see the DNA in the chromosome. ** -1st definition, picture, and picture definition added by kirsten

Nucleolus organelle in Eukaryotic cell nucleus that produces ribosomes. Melinda

Plasma (cell) Membrane and fluid mosaic model

Selective Permeability Selective permeability is the cell membranes ability to allow certain things to pass in and out of it. It also has the ability to keep things in and let things pass out through the membrane. Added definition and picture - Anthony and Jake

Phospholipid (how the membrane creates an inside and an outside) Lipids with a phospahte group. It is in embedded with proteins. Also they are composed of phospholipid bilayer.

Definition and picture done by Connor Geiger.

Transport Protein Transport Protein is a transmembrane protein that helps certain substances to cross the member. Kevin Courtney 1st definition of Transport Protein media type="youtube" key="GFCcnxgXOhY" height="344" width="425"

Differences between plant and animal cells The differences between plant cells and animal cells is that the plant cells have a cell wall and Chlorophyll and the animal cells have a cell membrane media type="youtube" key="t8yzHVAxKhQ" height="344" width="425"

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells prokaryotic- prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack membrane bound organelles. Example: bacteria eukaryotic-unicellular or multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Example: yeast, plants, and animals

media type="youtube" key="1EQETR1yyyQ" height="204" width="336"

Definitions, pictures, and video added by Karina Stroker.

Cell Wall  farily rigd sturcture located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protist. Melinda

The cell wall gives the plant cell its shape. The cell wall gives the cell its rigidity, strength and protection against its mechanical stress. The picture and definition done by Connor Geiger

Ribosome Ribosomes are make protein and send it to other orangelles. Melinda Palm 1st definition for Ribos

Ribosome- organelles in the nucleus that assemble proteins. media type="youtube" key="WKRPGvGRHDU" height="344" width="425"

<span style="color: #bc0606; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">2nd definition, picture, and video added by karina

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance found inside the cell that keep all the organelles in place. Derell Duncan 1st definition of Cytoplasm.

endoplasmic reticulum
-tubular membranes inside the cytoplasm. Theres a smooth and rough reticulum. The smooth has ribosomes on it and the rough transports materials. alexis mitchell

Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1898 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi. The function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package macromolecules (proteins and lipids) after their synthesis. It is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion.



media type="youtube" key="bD4z27ASN1M" height="344" width="425"

-1st definition, picture, and video added by Brandon

Vacuole media type="youtube" key="mJNxSICtAOY" height="201" width="362" 1st video and pic added by george and justin

Lysosome media type="youtube" key="ZtyuqVCdfiA" height="204" width="336" <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//The function of the lysosomes is to break down enzymes such as nucleic acids and proteins. They are pretty much the digestive system of the cell because they remove all the waste from the cell. 1st definition, picture and video added by George//**

Chloroplast and Chlorophyll

<span style="color: #06d009; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Chloroplast- A plastid containing chlorophyll in plants that carry out photosynthesis.
====<span style="color: #006eff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Chlorophyll- Chlorophyll plays a crucial role in producing food for the plant by synthesising simple sugars (glucose) from Sunlight + CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + H20 (Water) in the process of photosynthesis. ==== media type="youtube" key="IJCVg9M-7S0" height="344" width="425"



Mitochondria Makes energy for cells. Melinda Palm 1st definition for Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton - structure that makes up the cytoplasm, and holds it together. media type="youtube" key="DImb54sh6Ig" height="344" width="425" 1st definition, video, and pic Justin K

Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, with water moving from where there is a greater concentration of water to where there is less water. Another way to think about it is that water will move until the ratio of water to other "stuff" dissolved in the water is equal on both sides of the membrane. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">This animation starts with more water ( blue molecules) on the left side, and more solute ( green ) on the right. Remember that solute can be anything that is dissolved in a solution, like sugar, salt (sodium), etc. The solute can't cross the membrane but water can. Over time w <span style="color: #540abd; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">ater will diffuse across the membrane to balance the ratio of water to solute on both sides. [|This is a link to a great summary of osmosis and diffusion] <span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> media type="youtube" key="H6N1IiJTmnc" height="166" width="203" ** The grocery store uses osmosis all the time to keep vegetables looking fresh. Watch what happens to wilted lettuce that is left in pure water (remember the plant cells have more solute INSIDE the cell then OUTSIDE the cell so water has to flow inside the cells. ** Example: You get a salad with dressing on it. After a while, the dressing makes the lettuce wilt and get soggy. ==== Animation, video, examples and definition provided by Mr.V

Diffusion

Video, picture & deffinition by Brianna Brancato - a reflection or refraction of light or other electromagnetic radiation from an irregular surface or an erratic dispersion through a surface; scatteringmedia type="youtube" key="qucTUoHAeuY" height="204" width="253" <span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">

Isotonic Solution isotonic solution- has the same amount of dissolved substances in the solution and in the cell

definition and picture added by Karina Stroker

Hypertonic Solution <span style="color: #006eff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> a solution that has more solution outside the cell the inside example: a sports drink; has more salt inside the drink than in your body ​

- definition; and example and picture by jenna juckniewitz

Hypotonic Solution <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">** <span style="background-color: #ff00ff; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">​ a solution that gains water because theres more solution inside the cell then outside the cell causing the water to move inward. example: putting a salt water fish in fresh water; the fish will swell so much that it will explode. -definition, video, example and picture added by jenna juckniewitz**

media type="youtube" key="EMK-WvSIFAo" height="344" width="425"

Passive transport

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #006eff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">a transportation that doesnt require enery and transports something across the membrane of the cell. the molecules are constantly in motion



- definiton, video and picture by jenna juckniewitz

Facilitated diffusion media type="youtube" key="OV4PgZDRTQw" height="275" width="376" <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;">​ The process of diffusion that is facilitated by transport proteins. Transport of molecules or ions across the membrane passing though carrier proteins. Video, Picture & Definition added by Jamie

Active transport

<span style="color: #680080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Active Transport is the process of moving particles across the cell membrane against a concentration gradiant.

added defination-Anthony

media type="youtube" key="STzOiRqzzL4" height="344" width="425"

Added Video and Picture-Anthony

Endocytosis and Exocytosis <span style="background-color: #600ba8; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Endocytosis- this is when a large object needs to enter the cell and it can’t simply pass through the cell membrane. It touches the membrane and forms a sack which enters the cell and the membrane closes up. It is used when a large molecule enters the cell.Exocytosis- the opposite of endocytosis, it is when a large object needs to leave the cell and can’t pass though the membrane. The pouch hits the cell membrane and the pouch expands and opens to let the object leave like when a cell is sending out a protein. media type="youtube" key="4gLtk8Yc1Zc" height="364" width="445"

definitions, examples, picture and video added by Chris Wtzigman

Cell Cycle (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

<span style="color: #531c82; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;">The cell cycle is the process of a cell growing and dividing, this process includes different phases such as, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis. media type="youtube" key="diXoAgH3LMk" height="344" width="425"

<span style="color: #2d39b9; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">In the picture, it shows how a single cell goes through interphase, prophase, prometaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. In interphase, the chromatin is duplicated and the centriole is paired. In prophase, the chromosomes are paired into chromatin. During prometaphase, the chromatins begin to move into the center, and the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. Metaphase includes the chromatin placing themselves on the metaphase plate. Anaphase happens when the spindles attached to the centriole pairs and begin to separate. For telophase and cytokinesis, the cell splits into two.

Picture, definition, picture definition & video added by Jamie & Kirsten

Mitosis (we explore this in depth in the second semester) <span style="background-color: #ff6d00; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;">Mitosis is the process in which a cell seperates the chromesomes in the cell nucleous into identical sets of 2 Nuclei. Process if followed by Cytokenisis.

media type="youtube" key="VlN7K1-9QB0" height="344" width="425"

Picture, Defination and Video added by - Anthony

What Limits cell size? Why are most cells microscopic?

Tissue (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Organ and Organ system (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Cancer (we explore this in depth in the second semester) <span style="background-color: #0d0693; color: #ff6d00; display: block; font-family: Castellar; font-size: 180%; text-align: center;">__Cancer-__ Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and reproduction of abnormal cells in the body. They can cause tumors over time. Cancer cells are also called malignant cells. It is caused when a cell reproduces when it is not told to creating malignant cell. <span style="background-color: #0d0693; color: #ff9600; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 170%; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: #ff9600; color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: center;">some examples of cancer are brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, and Prostate cancer. media type="youtube" key="A1Fkdt-2veM" height="360" width="580" Picture, definition,and example added by chris and brandon. Video added by chirs and brandon

Gene (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

===<span style="color: #7100ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character. === -2nd definition and picture, Alexis Mitchell

Neuron

Dendrite A dendrite is looks like a branchlike extension of a neuron, It transports impulses to the cell body.



Definition and Picture done by Connor Geiger

Axon

a single cytoplasmic extension of a nutron; carries impulses away from a nerve cell. Melinda

Synapse

Neurotransmitter

Addiction <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">The term Addiction means the bodies dependence or an obsession to a drug. Some drugs are more addictive than others. media type="youtube" key="7A4Qxx7j63Y" height="344" width="425"

1st Defination, picture , and video added by Anthony

Parts of an atom

Difference between Ionic and Covalent bonds

Polarity when one side of the molecule has a negitive charge and the other has a positive charge. Andrew Piel

Hydrogen Bonds

Water as a molecule

<span style="color: #00c0ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Water is made of two single covalent bonds. Picture and Definition Added By Jamie

Importance of Carbon as the foundation of life's molecules

Simple Carbohydrates

Complex Carbohydrates

Lipids media type="youtube" key="7k2KAfRsZ4Q" height="244" width="303"

Made up of fats and oils. It is insoluble in water and is most of the fat that is on the human body. Picture, Video, and Defintion Added By Jamie

Amino Acids and Proteins Proteins are a major component of all of our cells. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.



-definition and picture added by Brandon

Enzymes <span style="background-color: #7100ff; color: #ff00ff; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">**//<span style="background-color: #7100ff; color: #ff00ff; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;">Enzymes are proteins that are produced by the body to start and accelerate chemical processes such as digestion. Many drugs effect enzymes and make chemical reactions speed up and messes with the body. //** media type="youtube" key="V4OPO6JQLOE" height="344" width="425"

1st definition, picture and video added by George

Condensation (dehydration) reaction
 * <span style="background-color: #ff6d00; color: #2d39b9; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">__Condensation Reaction-__ **<span style="background-color: #ff6d00; color: #2d39b9; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">When two molecules combine by losing one small water molecule. One will lose hydrogen and one will lose a hydrogen and oxygen. The areas where they left will pull towards each other and combine the molecules like when simple starches become complex starches or chains of fat and protein form [[image:plastic-6.gif width="320" height="320"]]definition, example, and picture by chris witzigman

Hydrolysis definition, example and picture added by chris witzigman
 * <span style="background-color: #ff6d00; color: #2d39b9; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">__Hydrolysis-__ **<span style="background-color: #ff6d00; color: #2d39b9; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> this is the opposite of condensation reaction when two molecules are separated by adding a water molecule in between them. The water splits up into one hydrogen and oxygen molecule and one hydrogen molecule and bonds to its other half on the molecule thus splitting them apart. We do this to break up all things that enter the body like sugars and fats.

ATP

Photosynthesis

media type="youtube" key="C1_uez5WX1o" height="344" width="425" <span style="color: #10e526; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** A process that allows green plants and certain other organisms to form their own food using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight, and release oxygen in the process. The reason we need photosynthesis in everyday life is because it creates oxygen, which is what we need to be able to breathe. In both pictures, it shows how carbon dioxide, sunlight and water go into the pland and as an effect of the process of photosynthesis, oxygen is realeased from the plant. picture, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">1st definition, pictures, video added, deffinition for picture by Kirsten **

Cellular Respiration The process of oxidizing food molecules to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy consuming activities of the cell.



-definition and picture added by Brandon

Fermentation <span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">