Midterm+Exam+2010+Review+P3

 ​ ​Midterm Exam 2010 Review P3Period 3 Midterm Exam Concepts: Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide.

Include definitions **__in your own words__**, images, embed youtube videos, and links to websites with animations.

You can earn extra credit for original examples or analogies.

Your assignment guidelines are posted here (read these for important reminders)

**Hypothesis A hypothesis is an educated guess used in a science lab. Hypothesises arent always true. Most hypothesises arent proven true.** Mike I. and Chris W.

Control (in an experiment)

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Experiment and Data

Theory-a theory is an explination of how the natural world works. Theories are supported by large bodies of evidence. An example is the theory of evolution which explains the diversity of life.

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-Maria

Prokaryote Group of organisms that lack a nucleus. They differ from the eukaryotes, which have a cell nucleus. The word //prokaryote// comes from the Greek //πρό- (pro-)// "before" + //καρυόν (karyon)// "nut or kernel", referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix //-ώτης (-ōtēs)// (pl.//-ώτες (-ōtes)//).

Eukaryote A eurykarote is a cell that has a nucleus. The eukaryoteis a complex cell. Most cells are eurykarotes. Mike I.

Oraganelle Organelle- is a structure in the cell that has a certain function Ex: Cell Wall, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Chloroplast By: Anthony Brunell Nucleus- is a membrane that endused organelle which is found in the eukaryotic cells. by jennifer and Eli zabeth

Chromosomes ** A Chromosome is a structure of DNA which contains protein and it is found in cells. ** **Ex: Chromosome X, Chromosome Y, Chromosome 21**

Definition and picture by Anthony Brunell

Nucleolus - is composed of proteins and acids found in the nucleus and does not have a membrane structure ~ Elizabeth O~

Plasma (cell) Membrane and fluid mosaic model

Selective Permeability Selective permeability means that the cell membrane has control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell. An example of selective permeability is active transport. -Frankie Ludovici

Phospholipid (how the membrane creates an inside and an outside)

Transport Protein A transport protein is a protein that helps other substance that are closely related to it cross the cell membrane. An example of a transport protein is a ** globular protein. ** - Frankie Ludovici

Differences between plant and animal cells Plant cells have a cell wall unlike the animal cell.

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cell Wall Burt Kaucher The layer of the cell that protects it and is not in animal cells. A cell wall protects a cell like my house covers me from outdoor problems. .

Ribosome A Particle made of RNA and protein. It is found in the cytoplasm. 

media type="youtube" key="Jml8CFBWcDs" height="344" width="425" definition picture and video Michelle Acker

Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a part of the cell that contains the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton. The cytoplasm is the substance between the inside of the cell and the cell membrane. Jillian and Lyndie

==== endoplasmic reticulum- is a eukaryotic organelle that forms a network tubules, vesicles, and cisternae with in the cells or the endoplasmic recticulum. []Endoplasmic reticulum ====

Golgi apparatus- The purpose of the golgi apparatus is to process proteins and then send it to another part of the cell. The Golgi apparatus is like the Post Office which packages and sends items across the country. Just like the Golgi Apparatus processes and sends proteins to other parts of the cell []

Vacuole media type="youtube" key="LMVQ-INMSVw" height="344" width="425"
 * This is a great video except for the beginning.

Vacuole-a membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a watery liquid or secretion.**

​ ​BY LYNDIE TOWLE =)

Lysosome- Its function is to break down and digest food. Lysosomes are like the garbage disposal that you find in your sink, it breaks down food.

Chloroplast and Chlorophyll Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts- Chloroplasts is the organelle that carries photosynthesis, Ex: Can be found in plants Chlorophyll- green pigment that can be found in chloroplast Ex: located in the Chloroplast Definition and Examples done by anthony Brunell

Mitochondria [|Spherical] or [|rod]-shaped [|organelles] found within the [|cytoplasm] of [|eukaryotic] [|cells], and are referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell //since they act as the site for the production of high-[|energy] [|compounds] (e.g. [|ATP]), which are vital [|energy] source for several [|cellular] processes.//

-Rachel H. #1

Cytoskeleton The inner structural elements, or backbone, of a cell.provides both structural support and a means of transport within the cell.

sonny hudicek

Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, with water moving from where there is a greater concentration of water to where there is less water. Another way to think about it is that water will move until the ratio of water to other "stuff" dissolved in the water is equal on both sides of the membrane. This animation starts with more water ( blue molecules) on the left side, and more solute ( green ) on the right. Remember that solute can be anything that is dissolved in a solution, like sugar, salt (sodium), etc. The solute can't cross the membrane but water can. Over time w ater will diffuse across the membrane to balance the ratio of water to solute on both sides. [|This is a link to a great summary of osmosis and diffusion]

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Example: You get a salad with dressing on it. After a while, the dressing makes the lettuce wilt and get soggy.
 * The grocery store uses osmosis all the time to keep vegetables looking fresh. Watch what happens to wilted lettuce that is left in pure water (remember the plant cells have more solute INSIDE the cell then OUTSIDE the cell so water has to flow inside the cells. **

Animation, video, examples and definition provided by Mr.V

Diffusion is a time dependent process, which is by entities that is causing the statistical distribution of the entities that spreds in space. It also has a concept of diffusion and is tied to notion mass transport but is also driven by a concentration called gradient. ( Jennifer Neely)The picture is shows the basic process of diffusion across a plasma membrane. (HINT) diffusion is going fomr the higher concentration to the lower concentration side.

Isotonic Solution An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same amount solute as the human blood. An example of an isotonic solution is Tyrode's Solution, which is a solution that is used in physiological experiments. - Frankie Ludovici

Hypertonic Solution a solution with a higher concentration of salt in a normal body of cells, so that water is drawn out of the bell by osmosis Solution - More solutes, less water Cell - Less solutes, more water Visual representation = ) ( Water travels passively down the concentration gradient through the cell membrane out of the cell. This influx of water causes the cell to shrivel.

Jillian

Hypotonic Solution **(Hypo = less, and tonic = tonicity)** When a cell has less salt molecules than it has outside the cell, then the water gets sucked into the cell, this causes the cell to grow larger. An example of a hypotonic solution would be a sports drink that contains salts. Definition by michelle and brittany

Passive transport Passive transport is When substances move across the membrane without using any chemical energy. Ex: Diffusion( process when substances spread over an area in a certain amount of time.) By anthony Brunell and Frankie Ludovici

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport Active transport is moving particles across the membrane against a concintration gradient which requires energy Picture and definition by brittany m

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Cell Cycle (we explore this in depth in the second semester)- is a series of events that takes place in a cell. The cell cycle in a body, the alternately divide into mitosis and then they appear in an interphase. An interphase, is in the cell cycle. It spends alot of time and performs alot of its purpose in dividing into a cell division. ( Jennifer Neely) The cell cycle shows how the cells mulitly in a cell division. []media type="youtube" key="lf9rcqifx34" width="425" height="350"

Mitosis (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

What Limits cell size? Why are most cells microscopic?

Tissue (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Organ and Organ system (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Cancer (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Cancer- Is a abnormal growth of a cell, and sometimes it spreads Ex: lung caner, brain cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer

Definition and pic by anthony brunell

Gene (we explore this in depth in the second semester) -gene is that basic physical unit of heredity.

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-maria

Neuron -they are specials cells that make up ones body nervous system. They transmit information from one part of the body to another part.

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The Neuron -Maria

Dendrite Nerve endings that take in information. Dendrites can be shriveled when not used overtime.We grow more and more dendrites everytime we learn something new. Mike I and Chris W picture adde

Axon An axon helps make up all nerves. It is the extension of a nueron that sends signals away from the cell body. The bigger the axon is, the faster the information is sent.

picture and definition by Brittany M.

Synapse- is a structure that permits a neuron to pass through a electrical or a chemical signal to a another cell. In a synapse, it comes close to a apposition membrane. (Jennifer Neely) this picture shows what the synapse is doing.

Neurotransmitter- are chemicals that relay on signals between neuron and cells

Elizabeth Orfe

Addiction Addiction is when you use drugs to relieve you of your every day problems. They give you pleasure by making sort of an artificial dopamine or the happy chemical your brain makes. The only drugs that are not addictive at all are LSD and Ectasy. Meth overstimulates your brain to a point of no return. Drugs can seriouslly mess up your life. Mike I pd.3

An addiction is when you get attached to some sort of drug and can't stop usuing it. For example, when you smoke cigarettes, you will get addicted. No matter if you say you will or not your body is telling you that it needs the nicotine inside of the cigarette or else you feel like your going to shut down or something wrong will happen to your body. You can get addicted to things other than drugs, like coffee and etc. but drugs are mostly the casue of this. Taylor P.



Parts of an atom

Difference between Ionic and Covalent bonds

In an ionic bond the atoms are bound together by oppositley charged ions. But in a covalent bond, atoms are brought together by shared ions. Taylor harris period three

Polarity

Polartiy is when the possitive or negative charge attracts or pulls away from eathother. Also, it can be when one side fo the bond is more possitive then the other. Picture and definition by brittany mitchell

Hydrogen Bonds

Water as a molecule

Importance of Carbon as the foundation of life's molecules

Simple Carbohydrates

Complex Carbohydrates . a Complex carbohydrate is a chain of three or more single sugar molecules linked together. examples of complex carbohydrates are Legumes Starchy vegetables Whole-grain breads and cereals.

By Frankie Ludovici

Lipids Lipids are a large group of organic compounds, that are related by solubility. For an example there is ether, chloroform, or acetone. Taylor Harris Period 3

Amino Acids and Proteins The amino acids are the building blocks for protiens. Taylor Harris Period 1

Enzymes

Condensation (dehydration) reaction

Hydrolysis

ATP ATP is the super protein that helps mantain all other proteins. ATP is known as "the super protein" Mike I. pd.3

Photosynthesis It's how you get energy from light. Plants use photosynthesis by their chlorophyl. The chlorophyl takes in their energy by turning light into enerngy.The energy is spread out through out the plant to help the plant process it's food. media type="youtube" key="mpPwmvtDjWw" height="344" width="425" Mike I pd.3

Cellular Respiration

Fermentation This is the process of deducing energy from organic compunds. An example would be a carbohydrate. - Taylor Harris Period three