Midterm+Exam+2010+Review+P1

Midterm Exam Concepts: Under each concept term post or revise information to make a fantastic review guide.

Include definitions **__in your own words__**, images, embed youtube videos, and links to websites with animations.

You can earn extra credit for original examples or analogies.

Your assignment guidelines are posted here (read these for important reminders)

**Hypothesis**

Definition: A theory or explanation that you make from an observation. A hypothesis helps you create an understanding of what your experiment is about.

Go to [] to learn how to write a hyptothesis. media type="youtube" key="rHAxhlmbRPU" height="344" width="425"

Madison- Video Patti- definition, link,picture

Control (in an experiment) The control in an experiment is the data used to compare to. It has nothing added to it, and is used to verify results of an experiment.

For example, in the daphnia lab, the control was the daphnia’s heartbeat without any drugs in it. This is compared then to the heartbeat of a daphnia with drugs.

Taylor added picture definition and example

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Experiment and Data



The experiment is the test being performed to determine whether the hypothesis is correct or not. Data is the results from the experiment, usually expressed in numbers.

An example of an experiment, is testing a substance for life. Different operations can be performed to conclude whether a certain substance is living or not. An example of data, is the results from a test on if a substance is living. The data may include the reactions to different tests and show how the results compare.



media type="youtube" key="ZHt_r3Rz33k" width="425" height="350" Kevin M. youtube video for experiment This picture is an example of data. It can be shown in a chart,graph, or table.

Lindsey K. added picture, picture description, example, and deffinition.

Theory A theory is an explanation based on observing, experimenting, and reasoning. One that has been tested and established as a universal law helps to clarify and guess natural occurances. [] mark wilson-definition and picture and link

Prokaryote A prokaryote is a organism with no nuclear membrane. They are normally bacteria and Most are unicellular. They only have ribosomes and chromosomes.

I think this is a good picture to use because it shows where everything is inside, like the DNA and ribosomes. ♥HALEY (added definition and picture)♥

Eukaryote

Have structures inside a cell membrane. Eukaryotes are multi-celled organisms that contain a nucleus and the genetic material inside the nucleus, unlike prokaryotes. Some membrane surrounded organelles in these organisms are the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and the chloroplasts.

This is a picture of an animal cell with all the membrane bound organelles except for chloroplasts.

-will- added picture, and definition.

Organelle Organelles are the basic features that make cell life possible. Just like the name leads you to believe, the organelles are the organs of the cell and are just as vital to the cell as our organs are to us. Each cell has a collection of organelles that each do their own jobs and at the same time work together. media type="youtube" key="agmr21HzLNA" height="344" width="425" This video shows the organelles together in one cell and at the end explains some of the jobs of organelles. This picture points out the different organelles of an animal cell.

Meghann added a definition, video and picture.

Meghann added a definition, video and picture.

Nucleus The Nucleus is part of an atom. It controls the cells growth, reproduction, and it tells the cell when to divide. The nuclues holds DNA and RNA. The structure that makes up the nucleus is the Nuclear Envelope.

Example/Analogy -Nucleus is like the brain of a cell Just like our brain controls everything we do, the Nucleus controls cell functions.

The nucleus is a mass that is found in most eukaryotic cells. the definition, picture, and an anology was by patti and dajah  **It is made up of protoplasm and contains the entire cell’s DNA. ** media type="youtube" key="H1zaqofRiAY" height="250" width="350" This video is a simple way of understanding a nucleus and what it does. It shows what it is made up of. **
 * It is also the central organelle that is responsible for cell division and also it controls all the cell’s functions.

Nucleus media type="youtube" key="yiuvOr4JRGI" height="340" width="560"

A part of the cell that has DNA and RNA and causes for growth and reproduction

This is the picture of a nucleus with the nuclear envelolpe, chromatin, and the nucleolus.

Madison- Picture, Video, and definition(in color).

Will-added definition and picture.

Chromosomes **Chromosomes are made up of chromatin. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes also contain the makeup of genes, so it transmits hereditary information. There are two types of chromosomes; X Chromosomes, which belong to females, and Y Chromosomes, which belong to males.** <span style="color: #08bf08; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">media type="youtube" key="1lsPg1yzQsE" height="344" width="425" This video is showing how chromosomes change in form and shape. It occurs by deletion or duplication. Both of these can be created by abnormal crossing over during mitosis.
 * <span style="color: #08bf08; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

Example: Chromosomes are like a list of ingredients on the back of food containers. It contains what somemthing is made up of.

Victoria added a definition, picture, video, and example **

Nucleolus <span style="color: #a000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** A nucleolus is a small round body in the center of the nucleus. It is composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of the cell. It can also be involved in the formation of ribosomes. <span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;"> **



Taylor- added picture definitoin and example.

Plasma (cell) Membrane and fluid mosaic model The plasma celll membrane is used to say what enters and what leaves the cell. [] Raechel Ruch added definition, picture and link

Selective Permeability <span style="color: #d6680a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Selective Permeability is when something decides what goes in and out of it. An example of something selectively permeable is a cell wall. In plants, they have an outer layer called a Cell Wall, which decides what can go in and out of the membrane. This can be used for getting rid of waste, or making sure nothing harmful enters the cell. media type="youtube" key="wO1yq6YTJDI" height="300" width="425" <span style="color: #d6680a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">This video shows how a baggie is acting selectively permeable. It is letting the Iodine through the bag and into the beaker of Starch water.

Victoria B. added a definition, picture, example and video.

Phospholipid (how the membrane creates an inside and an outside) <span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Phospholipids play an essential role in a cell's make up. Their unique structure provides good protection for the organelles inside the cell. <span style="color: #00ff0a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">This picture provides us with an idea of what a normal cell membrane looks like. There are two layers of phospholipids that make up the membrane. The reason for the layers is because while the head of the phospholipid is polar and attracts water, the tail is made up of fatty acids that repel water. So the outside layer has the heads facing outwards and the tails on the inside, while the inside layer also has the tails on the inside where water won't be found. This creates a sandwich like structure with all of the fat on the inside and the polar heads on the outside. The only way for water or other particles to get into the cell is by a special protein. These proteins can detect which particles are which and if they are safe. If the particle isn't safe or useful for the cell, it won't gain entry. This added security keeps a cell safe from most sicknesses.

Meghann added a definition and a picture.

Transport Protein <span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Definition: Proteins of various types, found in the blood, in the cell, or on the cell membrane, responsible for carrying. These transport proteins are often **<span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">globular proteins ** <span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">. They are generally tightly packed with polar side groups on the outside to enhance their solubility in water. They typically have nonpolar side groups folded to the inside to keep water from getting in and unfolding them.

Examples: <span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">-Serum albumin **<span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> is one example. It transports water-insoluble lipids in the bloodstream.

- <span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">**<span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Hemoglobin ** <span style="color: #f02869; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> is another example. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissue.

Transport proteins quickly transport proteins across the membrane into the opposite direction. <span style="color: #993333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> -Dajah Definition, Example & picture !

Differences between plant and animal cells <span style="color: #7100ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Plant cells, unlike animal cells, have a cell wall. The plant’s cell wall is made up of carbohydrates that provide a stiff skeleton for the cell. Animal cells have a plasma membrane made up of two layers of phosolipids that make up the outer side of a cell. Plant cells also have more and larger vacuoles in them. The vacuoles are necessary to store water, and they give a plant its structure. Though some animal cells do have vacuoles, they are smaller and not used as much. Plant cells have chloroplast that enables the process of photosynthesis and allows the plant to make its energy, also known as glucose. Animal cells have cytoplasm as does plant cells. <span style="color: #08bf08; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: #c70a3a; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This picture shows an animal cell and labels the different parts incorporated in it. <span style="color: #06d009; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">This picture of a plant cell labels the different parts of the cell itself. media type="youtube" key="t8yzHVAxKhQ" height="344" width="425" <span style="color: #0ca765; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">This video list the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">Meghann and Kristi added the definition, two pictures, and a video.

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells <span style="color: #0813c9; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="color: #540abd; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Prokaryotic- are single celled, have no nucleus, contain no membrane bound organelles, includes bacteria.

Eukaryotic- multi-celled, have a nucleus, have many membrane bound organelles, includes animals, plants, and fungi.

will- added definitions sam added picture

Cell Wall <span style="color: #ff578b; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It provides structural support and protection in plant cells.

the cell wall is the green wall around the cell --> The cell wall is like the walls of a house. It protects what's inside and it holds the house up. Sam Dewald & Raechel Ruch

__ The cell wall, located outside of the membrane is found in a plant. It is very rigid and it also keeps the cells shape. It supports and protects the inter cell from harmful substances.

This picture shows where the cell wall is located, you cal also tell by looking at this picture that the cell wall is flexible. HALEY ( added picture and definition)__

Ribosome <span style="color: #006eff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Ribosome’s are the only things in the cell that are able to create proteins, which is a neccessity to help get stronger. They get the information they need to create the proteins from RNA. All proteins are made up of many small molecules called amino acids, but it varies how many are in used to create each one.

media type="youtube" key="983lhh20rGY" height="214" width="267" <span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The video provides a very good explenation of how the ribsomes get the information to create the protein and also how they create them.

<span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> The image above shows an image of a cell, and is pointing to what a ribosome would look like on the cell.

luke and mark defention, picture,and video

Ribosome’s, found inside of the cytoplasm, create amino acids. Ribosome’s are usually made of about 50 proteins. this picture shows how the ribosome is building proteins. __Haley Andersen__ added a picture and a definition.

Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside of the cell membrane that holds all of the organelles in place. I chose this picture because it shows how the cytoplasm holds the organelles in place. <span style="color: #ff008b; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

The cytoplasm is kinda like those jello fruit cups. Its like the jello and holds all the stuff in place.

Sam D

endoplasmic reticulum
<span style="color: #600ba8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Endoplasmic Reticulum is located in the cytoplasm of a cell. It is used in the process of transporting materials. The Endoplasmic Reticulum can be rough, or smooth. If it is rough, that means there are ribosome’s present, if it is smooth, there are no ribosome’s present. <span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">media type="custom" key="5159169"This video shows what the Endoplasmic Reticulum looks like. It also shows how it transports materials.

Victoria added a definition, a picture, and a video.

Golgi apparatus <span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 169%;">

<span style="color: #d66b0a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">An organelle that takes up and processes things from the endoplasmic reticulum and then releases the cleaned u <span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 169%;"> <span style="color: #d66b0a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;">p things into the cytoplasm or to the outside of the cell<span style="color: #7c00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%;"> The picture shows the Golgi Apparatus and the things contained inside of it.

picture and definition by Megan M

Vacuole A vacuole are found in animal cells and plant cells. Vacuoles are larger in plant cells then in animal cells. They are surrounded by a single membrane. In a plant cell vacuoles help store water and maintain the shape and structure of the cell. Vacuoles store waste products, food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell. Picture on the left shows the location of the vacuole in a plant cell. The picture on the right shows a vacuole in an animal cell. Eric L- Definition and pictures

Lysosome <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**<span style="color: #02740e; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;">Lysosomes are the cell organelles that are in charge of breaking down molecules in the cell. They contain an enzyme in them that can digest unwanted, useless organelles, food, particles and even viruses.

**<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">When your body starts to get deprived of food, lysosomes will start to cannibalize themselves. Cells will only keep the crucial parts of the cell and have the lysosome's eat up the rest. The cell will then use the scraps to help with the crucial parts. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">

<span style="color: #02740e; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #02740e; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #ff7000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 121%; text-align: left;">Lysosome's are like the garbage disposal of the cell.

Joe and Jason

Chloroplast and Chlorophyll Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells. Chlorophyll is in the chloroplast & it turns light energy into chemical energy for the plant during photosynthesis. This picture shows the chloroplast and all of the different parts of it.

Chloroplast is like a chef because they take the ingredients and turn them into food. Sam added definition, picture, and example

Mitochondria The mitochondria is used in a organelle to give energy production. <span style="color: #9d00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">​ <span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It is located in a plant and animal cell. Energy is stored in other molecules so cell organelles can get it when they need it. Mitochondria transforms energy for the cell.

In this picture you can see what mitochondria looks like on the inside.

[] Raechel - added picture, definition and link to video <span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 121%;">Marisa added definition and description of picture <span style="color: #006eff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

out of protein. The cytoskeleton protects the cell and maintains the cells shape. The cytoskeleton also transfers materials. This picture shows what the cytoskeleton looks like from inside. Haley Andersen added a picture and a definition.

Osmosis

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">This animation starts with more water ( blue molecules) on the left side, and more solute ( green ) on the right. Remember that solute can be anything that is dissolved in a solution, like sugar, salt (sodium), etc. The solute can't cross the membrane but water can. Over time w <span style="color: #540abd; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">ater will diffuse across the membrane to balance the ratio of water to solute on both sides. [|This is a link to a great summary of osmosis and diffusion]

<span style="color: #7400ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> media type="youtube" key="H6N1IiJTmnc" height="166" width="203"

Example: You get a salad with dressing on it. After a while, the dressing makes the lettuce wilt and get soggy. Animation, video, examples and definition provided by Mr.V
 * The grocery store uses osmosis all the time to keep vegetables looking fresh. Watch what happens to wilted lettuce that is left in pure water (remember the plant cells have more solute INSIDE the cell then OUTSIDE the cell so water has to flow inside the cells. **

Diffusion patti- definition and two pictures Example: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">-A smelly gas distributes itself over a room by diffusion. -Heat diffuses through the walls of a mug filled with hot coffee <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **
 * Definition- When molecules move from high concentration to low concentration. Diffusion is one of the ways a substance can get in and out of cells. Diffusion becomes faster with heat.

This shows how the substance moves in and out of the cells. Picture,Definition, Analogy by Patti.

Isotonic Solution <span style="color: #0d0693; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An isotonic solution is when the molecules move both in and out of the cell, making the solution balanced (homeostasis). Water moves so that the concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal. The amount of water that enters the cell is the same as the amount that leaves it.

<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Example: When you apply green food dye to a glass of water, the water will soon turn green. This means the concentration is equal between the water and the food dye; this is an example of an isotonic solution.

<span style="color: #06d009; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In this picture, water is going into and out of the cell at the same rate, so the concentration remains balanced. Lindsey K. and Marisa O. added a deffintion, picture, picture description, and example

Hypertonic Solution A hypertonic solution is not equal on both sides. The outside of the cell has more salt than on the inside of the cell. If you put something like an egg in a hypertonic solution, it will draw out the water. Where as hypotonic solution would draw the water into the cell as opposed to out of the cell. A good way to remember the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic is the hyper in hypertonic, because if your hyper you would go outside. I chose this picture because it illustrates how a hypertonic solution operates. It shows the water being pulled out of the cell.

A hypertonic solution is when cells experience osmosis which then causes water to flow out of the cell. Water is moved out from the cell. Solute concentration is lower inside the cell. With the loss of water, the cells shrivel up because decreased pressure in the cells.

Pictue and Definition and by Kendra Case

Hypotonic Solution <span style="color: #a000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A hypotonic solution has unbalanced concentration. In this situation, there is more water outside of the cell. Water will move into the cell, because salt sucks. Cells will grow as they begin to hold more water. Both plant and animal cells are in danger of bursting from the water entering the cell; however, there are contractile and central vacuoles that help prevent this. <span style="color: #0210a7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Exhibited in this picture, is an example of a hypotonic solution. There is more water going into the cell than out of the cell. Soon, the cell will begin to grow from all of the water filling it. <span style="color: #0ca765; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">An example of a hypotonic solution is when a human would drink salt water. The reaction would cause the person to become dehydrated, because the salt would suck up all of their water. <span style="color: #ff7000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Lindsey K added definition, picture, picture description, and an example.

Passive transport media type="youtube" key="s0p1ztrbXPY" height="344" width="425" <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The video above explains how passive transport occurs in a cell, and gives the defenition of passive transport. A good analogy of passive transport would be a boat sailing down the river with the current. Video and analogy credit to Michael L

Facilitated diffusion media type="youtube" key="JShwXBWGMyY" height="340" width="560" The video explains passive transport and the different types, primarily facilitated diffusion. It defines the process of facilitated diffusion. An analogy of facilitated diffusion could be road between two cities. One city is the interior of the cell, the other the outside of the cell. The road, or transport membrane, is the only way for cars, or certain molecules to get between cities. Credit for the analogy and video for Facilitated diffusion to Michael L

Active transport media type="youtube" key="STzOiRqzzL4" height="344" width="425" Shows how active transport works <span style="color: #600ba8; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 13.2pt;">In this picture you can see how active transport works and looks like. Active Transport is when materials travel from one side to the other and only the nucleus can allow whether what comes and goes into and out of the cell. <span style="color: #540abd; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 13.2pt;">Active Transport moves materials through the membrane. Carrier proteins combine with particles of the substance to be transported. Each carrier has a shape that fits each specific molecule. Kevin M. Video, Definition for active transport <span style="color: #540abd; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Marisa added definition and a picture and picture description

Endocytosis and Exocytosis <span style="color: #0097ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 132%;">Endocytosis is a process when the plasma membranes folds inward to “obsorbe” or take in the substance into the cell. So basically the cell takes in material from its environment. Exocytosis is when the material is transported out of the cell. The reverse process of exocytosis, is endocytosis. Both endocytosis and exocytosis move material and require energy. <span style="color: #ff008b; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 121%;"> Example: Endocytosis and Exocytosis’ process is kind of like how our body works. Endocytosis, for our bodies, is when we eat food. When ever we are around it, or it is near us, our natural instinct is to eat it; especially when were hungry. Exocytosis is when we go to the bathroom and poop it out. Like endocytosis and exocytosis, we intake it in one way and discard it out the other way.

<span style="color: #600ba8; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">In this picture of endocytosis, you can see the process of the plasma membrane take in the materials and make a vesicle. <span style="color: #44da60; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">In this picture of exocytosis, you can see how the vesicles made from endocytosis are being transported out of the cell by the golgi apparatus. <span style="color: #600ba8; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">

<span style="color: #ff7000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marisa did the definition, example and both pictures and picture descriptions.

Cell Cycle (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The cell cycle is the process in which a cell splits itself into two "daughter cells". In prokaryotes we call this binary fission. In Eukaryotes, the cycle is put into two different phases. The interphase, in which the cell grows and duplicates it's DNA. The second is mitosis, which is when the cell actually splits and divides the DNA.



media type="youtube" key="Cg4ASxSKH2o" height="340" width="560"

Jason Avery

Mitosis (we explore this in depth in the second semester) <span style="color: #ff7000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Mitosis is the process a cell goes through when it splits in half. The chromosomes of the DNA in the nucleus line up and connect together. They then split up into two making a new nucleus along with the old one. The cell proceeds to split in half and there are now two cells instead of one. The whole process is a part of the cell cycle. media type="youtube" key="VGV3fv-uZYI" height="340" width="560" <span style="color: #00ff92; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%;">This video gives you a visual on what happens inside a cell while it goes through mitosis. <span style="color: #7a57c1; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">This picture illustrates a cell going through the stages of mitosis. Meghann added a definition, video, and picture.

What Limits cell size? Why are most cells microscopic? Cell size is limited because the cell must be able to efficiently transport nutrients into the cell. To keep their size they will divide when they are too large.

media type="youtube" key="t4Tst9DZFPI" height="340" width="560"

The video above shows a comparison of objects and life and also shows how small cells are.

Eric L- Video and Definition

Tissue (we explore this in depth in the second semester)


 * Definition:** Tissue is what makes up all the organs in the organ system. There is muscle tissue, skin tissue, bone tissue, etc.. All tissues are made up of different kinds of cells depending on what kind of tissue it is. For example, muscle cells that are geared toward storing energy activity make up muscle tissue. And nerve cells that are used for storing and sending information to other cells make up nerve tissue.


 * Explanation of picture:** This picture is an example of the stomach organ and how many different kinds of tissues go into making one organ. All these tissues play a role in coming together in making a very complex piece of machinery.

Billy Shannon added definition, picture explanation and picture.

Organ and Organ system (we explore this in depth in the second semester)


 * Definition:** Organs and organ systems are both made up of tissues and cells. An organ system is a bunch of organs put together to work in harmony. One example is your digestive system. All of the organs work together to digest and break down your food intake into simpler substances that your body can use.


 * Explanation of picture:** This picture shows how many different steps your body takes into making an organ system. First, it collects the ingredients, just like a chef would in making a cake. These ingredients are called atoms. They are as broken down as they can get. The atoms are then re-organized into a DNA molecule for whatever cell your body need to produce. In this case it is a muscle cell. Once the muscle cell is made, it calls all of its little buddies over and they decide that they want to make some muscle tissue. The muscle cells then come together to form muscle tissue. This muscle tissue then joins up with other nessecary tissues to make the stomach organ. The stomach organ then joins up to make a complex digesting machine. The digestive system is one of our most nessecary organ systems that we need to live.

Billy Shannon added explanation of picture, picture, and definition.

Cancer (we explore this in depth in the second semester) media type="youtube" key="A1Fkdt-2veM" height="340" width="560" The video above explains how cancer affects a cell and spreads throughout the body. Cancer is an abnormality afflicting a cell's genes, so that when it splits to form more cells, the abnormality is present in all future cells that split off the original. This mass of abnormal cells forms a tumor. If the tumor does not spread to surrounding cells and tissues, it is known as benign. If it does spread to surrounding tissues and cells, it is known as a malignant tumor. An analogy of cancer would be a running sink. The normal running sink is in a steady stream, and moves along a normal course down the drain. If you put your finger of the tap, water would spray out randomly, and no longer follow a normal path. - credit for defenition, analogy, and video on cancer to Michael L.

Gene (we explore this in depth in the second semester)

Neuron <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">The neuron, also know as the nerve cell and sends out electric signals to other nerve cells. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites and axons. There are different types of neurons like sensory neurons. When the neuron sends out a signal it goes from the cell body down the axon, up another neuron's axon and so on. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Belive it or not you have a 100 billion of the little cells smooshed up inside your head and none of them can touch. If thye do you will have serious issues.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">This first picture is a neuron sending out electirc signals. The middle picture shows the parts of the neuron. The Last picture is of multiple neurons.

media type="youtube" key="sX87g3AHIbc" height="344" width="425" Explains neurons and the brain :)

Definition and three picture with caption and video by Kendra Case.

Dendrite

A dendrite is part of a nerve cell. It is used to receive information from other cells. Dendrites grow as you learn.
This picture shows the nerve cell, and where dendrites are located on the nerve cell. media type="youtube" key="sX87g3AHIbc" width="425" height="350" Picture and defintion provided by Billy Shannon, Definition by Kevin Wood

A dendrite is a part in the brain the transports information in the brain throughout the entire body/cell. Kevin M. definition and video for dendrite

Axon

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">The axon the long part of the neuron that sends electrical signals away from the cell. After the dendrite has received a signal, the current goes through the cell body, down the axon to the axon terminal. Here, it meets the synapse and a chemical reaction carries the signal on to the next cell.

<span style="color: #02740e; font-family: Symbol,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">//The axon is made up of small parts called myelin. The myelin are coved with fat that helps insulate the axon signal and thus, speed it up.//

//The axon is made up of small parts called myelin. The myelin are coved with fat that helps insulate the axon signal and thus, speed it up.// media type="youtube" key="A4ioRkqJqYo" height="344" width="425"

Jason Avery

Synapsemedia type="youtube" key="HXx9qlJetSU" height="344" width="425" align="right" A Synapse is the place between two neurons. It is the space where neurotransmitters are released so that the ne3xt neuron knows what is happening.

Neurotransmitter

// Where nerve impulses are transmitted across a synapse to another. // //A Neurotransmitter is like a fax machine, because it sends information from one thing to another without touching//

This picture shows how neurotransmitter move across the synaptic cleft, from one synapse to another.

Kevin Wood

Addiction Definition: psychological and/or physiological drug dependence Some drugs are depressants and some are stimulants. Depressants slows down the heart while stimulants speed up the heart rate. Picture & Definition by: Dajah

Difference between Ionic and Covalent bonds <span style="color: #bf0884; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">In a Covalent bond the atoms share an. If the atoms both share the electron then it is nonpolar. Sometimes an electron sides more with one atom making it polar. Water is formed by polar Covalent bonds. In an Ionic bond the atoms are held together by the opposite charged electrons. Table salt is formed by an Ionic bond

The top one is a covalent bond- water. It shows how the oxygen and the hydrogen share an electron. <span style="color: #bf0884; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The bottom one is an Ionic bond. It shows how it is held together by opposite electrons.

Definition and Pictures by Kendra Case
Polarity The positive and negative hand-to-butt reaction. Your body reacts to a magnetic or electrical field.

The picture on the left contains a polar and nonpolar molecule.

Picture and defenition by Megan and Madison

Water as a molecule <span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**A water molecule has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other. The attraction of the opposite charges, creates what is called surface tension, the weak attraction is called a hydrogen bond.**

==<span style="color: #bc0606; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">//A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxyen atom.// media type="youtube" key="FCc5zYwxS30" height="344" width="425" == <span style="color: #bc0606; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 170%;">**Water is a chemical substance that has hydropgen and oxygen and is needed for all life.** Madison Massaro 2 pictures 1 video 3 captions

Importance of Carbon as the foundation of life's molecules

Carbon is the important as one of the foundations of life because it allows for __**four**__ bonds. All living organisms contain carbon. The Picture on the left shows that the Carbon only has 4 electrons on the outside allowing for 4 bonds. The picture on the right shows carbon with as black and hydrogen as white. Carbon requires 4 bonds and Hydrogen requires 1 bond.

Eric L : 2 Pictures, definition

Simple Carbohydrates

A simple Carbohydrate is a carbohydrate that contains a single monosaccharide unit

This picture shows the model of a simple carbohydrate, and what it contains.

Kevin Wood

Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are chains of three or more single sugar molecules linked collectively. Complex carbohydrates provide calories, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. You do not need a full tank to drive from Germantown to Washington, DC, just as you do not need to "carbo load" the night before a 5K. Heading out on a long road trip is like preparing for a marathon; you will definitely want to tank up and also conserve fuel along the way.

mark wilson-two pics, definition, and analogy

Lipids <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Lipids are fats inside the cell which are insoluble in water, and soluble in alcohol. Also Lipids have polar heads so that it keeps water from going through.

Lipids is to cell, as key is to lock.

This picture shows how all the different lipids form and bond together.

Kevin Wood

Amino Acids and Proteins <span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">There are 20 different molecules that make up protein, amino acids are one of the 20 key molecules in creating a single protein. Long strains of amion acid then link together and form a single protein

<span style="color: #0073ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> //<span style="color: #06d009; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 130%;">In the picture above amino acids have all combinded together to form one protein // luke A defention and picture

Enzymes


 * Definition : enzymes are biomolecules that cause chemical reaction. Mostly all known enzymes are proteins.** **In enzymatic reactions, the molecules** **at the beginning of the process are called substrates****, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**.

Example of Enzyme : <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> **

Mrs. Busybody Story
Since there are no "eligible" men in this town she takes the train the next day to another village to hunt up some fine man for Mildred. Any eligible man will do. And who should she find but Mortimer, who happens to be a 40 year-old man with six children whose wife has just died. Out of necessity he is in need of a wife and agrees to marry Mildred, sight unseen. A wedding is arranged between Mildred and Mortimer. It is the day of the wedding and present at the wedding are Mom and Dad Schmidt, "lovely" Mildred, Mortimer and his six children, the justice of the peace, and of course, Mrs. Busybody, who is happiest of all. Mildred Schmidt and Mortimer Jones change their relationship and become Mr. and Mrs. Jones as they are united in heavenly matrimony and live happily ever after. Now let's look at this a little closer. Mrs. Busybody is Mrs. Busybody before Mildred met Mortimer, Mrs. Busybody is Mrs. Busybody when she attends the wedding, and she is Mrs. Busybody three years later when she visits them when their child is born. If Mrs. Busybody had not set up Mildred and Mortimer their chance of getting together and changing their relationship may never have occurred. Now which character in the story acts like an enzyme? Some enzymes bring about "marriages" like Mrs. Busybody and some bring about divorces and cause things to split up. All enzymes are proteins and all enzymes are very, very picky (specific). Some enzymes even get assistance (coenzymes and vitamins) in order to accomplish their work. Remember: A cell is a very busy place, and most of what it does is to move molecules around or change molecules into other kinds of molecules (chemical change) by either making smaller molecules bigger or bigger molecules smaller. Each and every one of these chemical changes occurring in a cell is controlled by one or more enzymes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Definition,Example, Picture-Dajah && Patti

__

Condensation (dehydration) reaction <span style="color: #02740e; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 132%; text-align: left;">A Condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules come together to form a bigger molecule and they release a new molecule in the process. When this new molecule is water, it is called <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">dehydration reaction.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">The reaction is like a compromise: two things have to give up a bit of what they have in order to get to the desirable goal.

Definition and picture by Jason Avery

Hydrolysis <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Hydrolysis is the chemical reaction where molecules of water are split into hydrogen. It is used to break down some polymers.

<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 168%;">This picture shows hydrolysis. It takes sucrose and takes out a water molecule and takes an OH and combinds it with other molecules to make glucose. Then it takes a H and combinds it with other molecules and makes fructose. (OH- Oxygen + Hydrogen H- Hydrogen)

<span style="color: #bc0606; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Definition and picture by Kendra Case

Definition and picture by Kendra Case

ATP <span style="color: #08bf08; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;">ATP can be known as the power molecule. It provides the majority of energy in a cell. The energy from ATP powers secondary reactions in cells. ATP is the energy left from the first reaction, stored in a compound called adenosine triphosphate. <span style="color: #0210a7; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: In glycolysis, glucose, oxygen, and gas combine causing the secondary reaction (which is where the ATP comes in) and carbon dioxide, water, and energy are produced. <span style="color: #ff578b; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">

In this picture, is an example of an ATP molecule. The energy is stored in covalent bonds between the yellow. The green is the adenine.

Lindsey added picture, deffinition, picture description, and example

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants take energy from sunlight and convert it to sugar. The formula for this process is CO2+H2O à C6H12O6+O2.

This is a picture of a plant cell where photosynthesis takes place.

Will-added def and picture

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The process occurs in two phases: The first is glycoysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. The second is the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water

Billy Shannon added picture and definition.

Fermentation